Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 21

External Flow:

Flow over Bluff Objects


(Cylinders, Sphere, Packed Beds)
and
Impinging Jets
Chapter 7
Sections 7.4 through 7.9
Cylinder in Cross Flow

The Cylinder in Cross Flow


Conditions depend on special features of boundary layer development, including
onset at a stagnation point and separation, as well as transition to turbulence.

Stagnation point: Location of zero velocity u 0 and maximum pressure.

Followed by boundary layer development under a favorable pressure gradient


dp / dx 0 and hence acceleration of the free stream flow du / dx 0 .
As the rear of the cylinder is approached, the pressure must begin to increase.
Hence, there is a minimum in the pressure distribution, p(x), after which boundary
layer development occurs under the influence of an adverse pressure gradient
dp / dx 0, du / dx 0 .
Cylinder in Cross Flow (cont.)

Separation occurs when the velocity gradient du / dy y 0 reduces to zero.

and is accompanied by flow reversal and a downstream wake.

Location of separation depends on boundary layer transition.

VD VD
Re D

Cylinder in Cross Flow (cont.)

What features differentiate boundary development for the flat plate in


parallel flow from that for flow over a cylinder?

Force imposed by the flow is due to the combination of friction and form drag.
The dimensionless form of the drag force is

FD
CD Figure 7.8

A f V 2 / 2
Cylinder in Cross Flow (cont.)

Heat Transfer Considerations


The Local Nusselt Number:
How does the local Nusselt number vary with for Re D 2 105 ?
What conditions are associated with maxima and minima in the variation?
How does the local Nusselt number vary with for ReD 2 10 ?
5

What conditions are associated with maxima and minima in the variation?

The Average Nusselt Number Nu D hD / k :


Churchill and Bernstein Correlation:
5/8 4/5
0.62 Re 1/ 2
Pr 1/ 3 Re D
Nu D 0.3 D
1
2 / 3 1/ 4
1 0.4 / Pr 282,000

Cylinders of Noncircular Cross Section:


Nu D C Re mD Pr1/ 3
C , m Table 7.3
Tube Banks

Flow Across Tube Banks


A common geometry for Aligned and Staggered Arrays:
two-fluid heat exchangers.

ST
Aligned: Vmax V
ST D

Staggered: ST
Vmax
ST D

V if 2 S D D ST D

ST
or, Vmax
V if 2 S D D ST D

2 SD D
Tube Banks (cont.)
Flow Conditions:

How do convection coefficients vary from row-to-row in an array?


How do flow conditions differ between the two configurations?
Why should an aligned array not be use for ST/SL < 0.7?
Average Nusselt Number for an Isothermal Array:

Nu D C2 C Re mD ,max Pr 0.36 Pr/ Prs


1/ 4

C , m Table 7.7
C2 Table 7.8
All properties are evaluated at Ti To / 2 except for Prs.
Tube Banks (cont.)

Fluid Outlet Temperature (To) :


Ts To DNh
exp
Ts Ti VNT ST c p


N NT x N L

What may be said about To as N ?

Total Heat Rate:


q hAs Tl m
As N DL
T T Ts To
Tl m s i
T T
l n s i
Ts To
Pressure Drop:
Vmax 2

p N L f
2
, f Figures 7.13 and 7.14
Spheres and Packed Beds

The Sphere and Packed Beds


Flow over a sphere
Boundary layer development is similar to that for flow over a cylinder,
involving transition and separation.

Nu D 2 0.4 Re1/D 2 0.06 Re 2D/ 3 Pr 0.4 / s
1/ 4

What are the limiting values of the Nusselt number and the convection
coefficient for slow flows over small spheres?
CD Figure 7.8

Gas Flow through a Packed Bed

Flow is characterized by tortuous paths through a bed of fixed particles.


Large surface area per unit volume renders configuration desirable for
the transfer and storage of thermal energy.
Spheres and Packed Beds (cont.)

For a packed bed of spheres:


j H 2.06 Re D0.575

void fraction (0.3 < < 0.5)

q hAp ,t Tl m
Ap ,t total surface area of particles

Ts To hAp ,t
exp
Ts Ti VAc ,b c p


Ac ,b cross-sectional area of bed
Jets

Gas Jet Impingement


Characterized by large convection coefficients and used for cooling and heating
in numerous manufacturing, electronic and aeronautic applications.

Flow and Heat Transfer for a Circular or Rectangular Jet:

Significant Features:
Mixing and velocity profile development in the free jet.
Stagnation point and zone.
Velocity profile development in the wall jet.
Jets

Local Nusselt number distribution:

Average Nusselt number:


hDh
Nu Dh
k

f Re Dh , Pr, r or x / Dh , H / Dh
Correlations Section 7.7.2

Jet Arrays
Slot Jets

What is the nature and effect of jet interactions and discharge conditions?

Nusselt number correlations for arrays of circular and slot jets Section 7.7.2.
Problem: Extrusion Process

Problem 7.63: Cooling of extruded copper wire by convection and radiation.


Problem: Extrusion Process (cont.)
Problem: Extrusion Process (cont.)
Problem: Extrusion Process (cont.)
Problem: Extrusion Process (cont.)
Problem: Thermocouple Junction

Problem: 7.78 Measurement of combustion gas temperature with a spherical


thermocouple junction.

SCHEMATIC:
Problem: Thermocouple Junction (cont.)

VD 5 m s 0.001m
Re D 100
6 2
50 10 m s
Problem: Thermocouple Junction (cont.)
Problem: Thermocouple Junction (cont.)

Вам также может понравиться