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Institute of Engineering
Basic Components of
Good Solar Hot Water
Systems
Tri Ratna Bajracharya, Ph.D.
Center for Energy Studies (CES)
Institute of Engineering/TU
Pulchowk, Lalitpur
heat storage
with insulation
connection to
heat hot water tap
transport
system
air release thermostat
check
valve
valve
(blockable) backup heater
heat
p exchanger
or p um
t
l lec
co
cold water supply
pressure
release power
valve
(8 atm) supply
control unit
expansion
vessel
Forced-flow versus natural circulation
forced flow SHW systems
+ better performance
+ can be installed in large systems
+ allows independent location of collector and hot water tank
– requires more components
– needs electrical energy for pumping and control
– is more expensive
1. Flat Plate
2. Vacuum tube
3. Concentratic tube
Flat-plate collectors
SWH System Locally Made
Storage tank
Collector
Locally made SWH
Absorber types
Open- versus closed-loop SHW
Closed loop systems
+ better performance – avoids air bubbles
+ Prevents siltation of the collectors
+ allows use of antifreeze
– Some temperature loss
– needs significantly more components
– more expensive
– more difficult to manufacture
Open loop
+ simple and require less components
+ Requires less tecnical skill
+ Cheaper and less sensitive to flaws
– not suitable for frost area
– not suitable for poor quality water
There are basically two types of coatings
black solar paint
+ easy to handle
+ absorber can be painted locally
+ good absorption of solar radiation
+ low costs
– high emission losses
selective coatings
+ high absorption of solar radiation
+ low emission losses
+ prefabricated absorber stripes exist on the market
– higher costs
– must be handles with care
Construction of a solar collector
The absorber coating
Construction of a solar collector
Casing
Materials
Øhardwood (resistant painting improves durability)
Øaluminum profiles
Øsheet metal casing (aluminum, steel)
Features
Øprotects the collector from the elements (rain, dust)
Ømust be rigid to avoid the break of the glass cover
Øall connections to the piping should be kept insulated
Ømust allow room for thermal expansion
Ømust provide adequate ventilation to avoid condensation
Construction of a solar collector
Insulation
Øinsulation of the back side is very important to
reduce heat losses and improve the efficiency
Øat least 5cm of a low conductivity insulator is
recommended
Ømineral wool and polyurethane foam is the most
common material
Øreflective lamination is often included between
layers of insulation
Construction of a solar collector
transparent cover
radiation
– high weight and costs
normal glass (4mm)
plastic foil
+ light and cheap
– low resistance
– short life span
Collector Area sizing Thumb Rule