ROTC

REINSTATING MANDATORY ROTC:
A MEANS OF INSTILLING
PATRIOTISM OR PACING TOWARDS
MILITARIZATION?
Ariones, Aubrey R.
Francia, Richard C.
Magtibay, Angelika May S.
Mobles, April Joy N.
BPS IV-2
CHAPTER I
REINSTATING MANDATORY ROTC: A MEANS OF INSTILLING
The Problem and its Background
PATRIOTISM OR PACING TOWARDS MILITARIZATION?
Introduction
Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) has been a long established part of the educational system
as a training ground for army reserve members.
The most prominent argument on behalf of ROTC is the traditional citizen soldier rationale, which
emphasizes how ROTC can broaden the militarys exposure to high levels of the civilian mind.
Officers trained by ROTC are more likely to balance military virtues with a commitment to the norms of civil
society and the constitutional order.
It strives to develop the leadership skills of a student in both theory and application to the military training that
the program has.
The ideal ordeal is that students who finished ROTC can be used as reserves for the AFP or Armed Forces
of the Philippines.
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
Introduction
This research will determine whether the proposed mandatory

implementation of ROTC by President Duterte is a way to strengthen
patriotism to the students or a form of militarization by means of
conscription through the perception of senior high students of the
Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila.
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
Background of the Study

Education has always been a priority for Filipino families as the necessary weapon in establishing one's self
in the platform of the world not only through classroom discussion but also the development of a child's
character and sense of self in order to pursue growth that can be a foundation to being a productive and
responsible citizen.
In history, a form of ROTC was already created during the Spanish occupation when students from the
University of Santo Tomas were made into a battalion to help in the war against invading English troops.
The Reserve Officers Training Corps aims provide military education and training for students to mobilize
them for national defense preparedness through preparation of college students for service in the Armed Forces
of the Philippines in the event of an emergency and their training to become reservists and into commissioned
officers of the AFP.
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I

In 1939, President Manuel L. Quezon issued Executive Order No. 207 to implement the National Defense
Act, that has made ROTC a compulsory course at all colleges and universities.
In 1967, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order No. 59, making ROTC a mandatory course in
all colleges and universities.
The mandatory ROTC program was scrummed in the college levels curriculum in year 2002, after the
reported death of a ROTC cadet Mark Wilson Chua, student of University of Santo Tomas, allegedly killed by his
co-cadets and upper-class men after exposing corruption in the UST ROTC corps.
This has brought life to the National Service Training Program or NSTP that removed ROTC as a prerequisite
for graduation to every student.
The call for abolishing ROTC was rekindled when students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines
was reported to have been tortured by ROTC officers.
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
Today ROTC is still present, but President Duterte wishes to make it mandatory
to all students as a form of instilling patriotism to the hearts of the Filipinos at a
young age. This research aims to determine if the senior high students that can
be affected by this mandatory implementation also shares this perception or if
this move is a sign of invigorating the militarization of the Philippines.
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
Theoretical Framework
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Individuals develop symbolic meaning through their social interactions.
the meaning of things directs action (Blumer)
An understanding of social life requires understanding the process of interpretation of situations based on
meanings that they developed and how they act in events based on these meanings.
Their interpretations differ and evolve by their social interactions and new events that they experience anew.
Individuals and small groups are also influenced by larger social forces in the form of the government, the
schools they belong in and the community.
In this context, symbolic interaction stresses social interaction, debate of definitions and taking emphatic role
between people. (Carter and Fuller, 2015)
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
Theoretical Framework
The goal of the study is to answer how the Senior High School students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines
perceive the mandatory implementation of ROTC, whether it is a way of promoting patriotism in the youth or a
means of adding to the number of reserved officers in the form of conscription.
Their answers will be interpreted using Symbolic Interaction theory, taking into consideration how their social
interactions and experience of events connected to ROTC transformed their symbolic meaning of the program.
The social interactions of the students occur through their families, peers, participation in progressive organizations
as well as their relations during their high school years.
The symbolic meaning that the students harnessed through their experiences and interactions before and in the
present will be the deciding factor of their interpretations of patriotism, conscription, ROTC and even the government
and whether or not they perceive the act of mandating ROTC for patriotism or simply conscription.
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework of this research illustrates the

process in which the social interactions and experiences
affect the perception of the senior high school students. It
shows that these factors influence the symbolic meaning of
the government, Reserve Officers Training Corps,
conscription, and patriotism to the individuals. The high
school students will choose whether the reinstatement of
mandatory ROTC is for patriotism or means of adding to the
number of reserved officers in the form of conscription. With
this, we can analyze why their perception of the purpose
behind the proposed mandatory ROTC came to be based on
their symbolic meaning of the different dynamics of the study.
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
Statement of the
Problem
The Duterte administration aims to instil patriotism in the youth sector by reinstating the mandatory Reserve
Officers Training Corps or ROTC despite the problems that arose with the mandatory ROTC in the previous years.
This paper seeks to answer the general question, the purpose of mandatory ROTC Program whether it is to
instil patriotism among the youth or it will only lead to militarization by means of conscription based on the
perception of the senior high school students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila.
At the end of this study, the researchers also seek to answer these sub-questions with regards to the mandatory
reinstatement of the ROTC:
1. What are the perceptions of the senior high school students on the present system of the Reserve Officers Training
Corps?
2. What are the factors that affect the perception of the senior high school students?
3. Are the senior high school students willing to support the mandatory Reserve Officers Training Corps?
4. What are the other means that the government can use to revive the youths patriotism?
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
Research Method and
Since theDesign
study was concerned with the perception of Senior High School students that would be most likely to be
affected by the proposed reinstatement of the mandatory ROTC program in the academe, the descriptive method
of research being the most appropriate method as it is defined to be a purposive way of gathering, analyzing,
classifying and tabulating data about a prevailing condition and then making accurate interpretation about the data
gathered was the method used by the researchers.
The researchers based the study in a framework of a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative research, as
qualitative research is defined to be the framework analysis best suitable for the accuracy of the data since this study
will be dealing with perceptions of randomly selected Senior High School students and the use of quantitative
research to be able to gather the perceptions of the target population, the Senior High School students of PUP
Manila Campus. The mixed-methodology is preferred by the researchers to be able to provide bigger pictures.
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
CHAPTER I
Respondents Population and
Sampling
The respondents are a total of 436 randomly selected Senior High School students belonging to eight (8) strands or
tracks offered in the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, main campus as the cluster samples. Each cluster has
50 respondents selected as samples for data gathering. Sampling size for each cluster is as follows:
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER I
Respondents Population and
Sampling
To determine the number of respondents per strand, the researchers employed slovins formula with the confidence
level 100 percent with the margin error of 5:
Wherein:
n = Number of samples
N = Population
e = Margin of error
Confidence level = 100%
Margin of error = +-5
On the premise of the qualitative data gathering, to be able to weigh the perceptions and the result of this study, the
researchers will interview selected students from each class to qualify their answers.
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER I
Data Gathering Method

The researchers used the following instrument to collect data for the study:
The survey technique or approach used by the researchers was questionnaire method through the use of a self-
constructed survey for data gathering on the quantitative level using mixtures of closed questions that can be
answerable by yes or no and the use of Likerts Scale where only a sample or portion of the population is involved.
To validate the gathered data in the survey, the researchers used a semi-structured Interview method where they
interviewed selected students from each class of different strands of Senior High School of Polytechnic University of
the Philippines, Manila, in order to obtain and gather data and information needed by the study in a qualitative and
also answered the questions on the questionnaires but with their own perspectives and opinions.
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER I
Data Analysis and
Interpretation
The Perception of Senior High School Students
In his 1st State of the Nation Address, President Rodrigo Duterte announced his
intention to bring back mandatory ROTC. On the first sub-problem, the researchers
analyzed the perception of senior high school students of PUP by analyzing figure 8
and 9, the students believed that ROTC Program should not be abolished yet changes
are necessary because of the abuses and violence inside the program.
CHAPTER IV
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER I
Data Analysis and
Interpretation
1. Are changes necessary for a better implementation of ROTC in the country?
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows that 260 students or 60% out of 436 respondents

said that changes are necessary for a better implementation of
ROTC program in the country while 176 students or 40% out of
436 respondents said that changes are not necessary for a better NO; 40%
implementation of ROTC program in the country.
YES; 60%
Most of the respondents said that changes are necessary for a

better implementation of Reserve Officers Training Corps.
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER I
Data Analysis and
Interpretation
2. Are the universities prepared to undergo these changes in order to make ROTC better?
Figure 2
believed that the universities are not yet prepared for the
reinstatement of mandatory ROTC while 86 students or 20% out
YES; 20%
of 436 respondents believed that the universities are prepared for
the reinstatement of mandatory ROTC.
Most of the respondents believed that the universities are not

prepared for the reinstatement of the mandatory Reserve Officers NO; 80%
training Corps.
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER I
Data Analysis and
Interpretation
Because of the abuses and violence inside the ROTC Program, senior high
school students believed that changes must be implemented first. ThisFigure 2
constraint affects the perception of the respondents because the abuse and
violence show that the aim to instil patriotism cannot be achieved. Figure 9
also shows that if the mandatory reinstatement happened, the universities are
not yet prepared to undergo this changes, thus mandating a program that is
due to cause more problems not only to the students who will be forced to
join but also to the educational institution mandating it.
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER I
Data Analysis and
Interpretation
The Factors Affecting the Perception
On the second sub-problem, there are two factors that affect the perception of the
senior high school students, (1) experience and (2) social interactions. Based on these
two factors, individuals form and develop their symbolic meaning of what ROTC is and
how they should act in response to what their symbolic meaning is for ROTC.
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER I
Data Analysis and
Interpretation
3. Do you have a military training background in junior high school?
Figure 3
did not have military background in their junior high school and
133 students or 31% out of 436 respondents have military training
background in their junior high school. YES; 31%
Most of the respondents do not have their military background in

their junior high school.
NO; 69%
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER I
Data Analysis and
Interpretation
Experience
Out of 436 respondents, 69% or 303 students answered that they did not have military
background in high school. This is also because a greater portion of them came from public schools
that did not offer a form of secondary military training. 31% or 133 respondents that answered yes to
having military background are mostly from private schools. The respondents that have military
training background were able to form their perception of what ROTC is based on what they
experienced during their high school participation in the military training program while those who did
not undergo the program formed their perception from social interactions instead.
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER I
Data Analysis and
Interpretation
Social Interactions
With the larger number of students without military training background, students that are not aware of
military programs conducted in schools are also greater. These students were able to form their perceptions of what
ROTC is all about and how the program should be implemented based from the knowledge they get and interpret
on their own from their everyday social interactions with other individuals instead.
Based on the interviews the respondents who did not have a military background based their knowledge
about the ROTC on their families and friends that have a previous military experience, social media features
controversial issues regarding ROTC, for example, the hazing in Polytechnic University of the Philippines revealed
by two female cadets.
CHAPTER IV
Transition
1 headline
Lets start with the first set of slides
Quotations are commonly
printed as a means of
inspiration and to invoke
philosophical thoughts from
the reader.

This is a slide title
Here you have a list of items

And some text
But remember not to overload your
slides with content
You audience will listen to you or read the

content, but wont do both.
Big concept
Bring the attention of your audience
over a key concept using icons or
illustrations
You can also split your
content
White Black
Is the color of milk and Is the color of coal,
fresh snow, the color ebony, and of outer
produced by the space. It is the darkest
combination of all the color, the result of the
colors of the visible absence of or complete
spectrum. absorption of light.
In two or three columns
Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of Is the colour of Is the color of
gold, butter and the clear sky and blood, and
ripe lemons. In the deep sea. It is because of this it
the spectrum of located between has historically
visible light, violet and green been associated
yellow is found on the optical with sacrifice,
between green spectrum. danger and
and orange. courage.
A picture is worth a
thousand words
A complex idea can be
conveyed with just a single
still image, namely making it
possible to absorb large
amounts of data quickly.
Want big
impact? Use big
image.
Use charts to explain
your ideas
White Gray Black

Or use diagrams to
explain complex ideas
SAMPL SAMPL
E E
TEXT
This is a TEXT
This is a
sample SAMPL sample
text text
E
TEXT
This is a sample
sampl text. Insert your
e text desired text
here. TEX
This is
T
a
TEXT
This is a sample
sample text
text
sampl
TEX e text
T
This is
a
sample
text
Diagram featured by
http://slidemodel.com
And tables to compare
data
A B C
Yellow 10 20 7
Blue 30 15 10
Orange 5 24 16
our
offic
e
Maps
89,526,12
4
Whoa! Thats a big number, arent you proud?
89,526,124$
Thats a lot of money
185,244 users
And a lot of users
100%
Total success!
Our process is easy
first second last

Lets review some
concepts
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, butter Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood, and
and ripe lemons. In the sky and the deep sea. It is because of this it has
spectrum of visible light, located between violet and historically been associated
yellow is found between green on the optical with sacrifice, danger and
green and orange. spectrum. courage.
Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood, and
and ripe lemons. In the sky and the deep sea. It is because of this it has
spectrum of visible light, located between violet and historically been associated
yellow is found between green on the optical with sacrifice, danger and
green and orange. spectrum. courage.
You can copy&paste graphs from Google Sheets
Android project
Show and explain

your web, app or Place your screenshot
software projects here
using these gadget

templates.
iPhone project
Show and explain

your web, app or
Place your screenshot
software projects here
using these gadget

templates.
Tablet project
Show and explain

your web, app or
software projects Place your screenshot here
using these gadget

templates.
Desktop project
Show and explain

your web, app or Place your screenshot here
software projects
using these gadget
templates.
Thanks!
Any questions ?
You can find me at
@username
user@mail.me
Credits
Special thanks to all the people who made

and released these awesome resources for
free:
Presentation template by SlidesCarnival
Photographs by Unsplash
Presentation design
This presentation uses the following typographies and colors:
Titles: Lora
Body copy: Quattrocento Sans
You can download the fonts on this page:
https://www.google.com/fonts#UsePlace:use/Collection:Lora:400,700,400it
alic,700italic|Quattrocento+Sans:400,400italic,700,700italic
Click on the arrow button that appears on the top right
Yellow #ffcd00 | Black #000000 | Grey #cccccc
You dont need to keep this slide in your presentation. Its only here to serve you as a design guide if you need to create new
slides or download the fonts to edit the presentation in PowerPoint
SlidesCarnival icons are editable
shapes.
This means that you can:

Resize them without losing
quality.
Change line color, width and
style.
Isnt that nice? :)
Examples:
Now you can use any emoji as an icon!
And of course it resizes without losing quality and you can change the
color.
How? Follow Google instructions

https://twitter.com/googledocs/status/730087240156643328

and many
more...

ROTC

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

ROTC

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

REINSTATING MANDATORY ROTC:

This research will determine whether the proposed mandatory

Background of the Study

Background of the Study

Background of the Study

Individuals develop symbolic meaning through their social interactions.

the meaning of things directs action (Blumer)

Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework of this research illustrates the

Data Gathering Method

The Perception of Senior High School Students

Figure 1 shows that 260 students or 60% out of 436 respondents

Most of the respondents said that changes are necessary for a

Most of the respondents believed that the universities are not

The Factors Affecting the Perception

Most of the respondents do not have their military background in

Here you have a list of items

You audience will listen to you or read the

Yellow Blue Red

White Gray Black

first second last

Yellow Blue Red

Show and explain

using these gadget

Show and explain

using these gadget

Show and explain

using these gadget

Show and explain

Special thanks to all the people who made

Yellow #ffcd00 | Black #000000 | Grey #cccccc

This means that you can:

Isnt that nice? :)

How? Follow Google instructions

Вам также может понравиться