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Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Chapter 16
Module 16.1
Anxiety and Avoidance Disorders
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
daily functioning.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
GAD.
Often it is co-diagnosed with other mood disorders
such as depression.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
be much longer.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Disorder.
Hyperventilation, or rapid deep breathing, is a key
symptom.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Psychotherapy
Anti-depressant drugs
kill you.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
places.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
avoidance behaviors.
A phobia is strong and persistent fear of a specific object
time.
Phobia usually does not persist across the lifetime
Figure 16.2 Most phobias do not last a lifetime. Young people with phobias often lose
them by middle age.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Open spaces
Closed spaces
Heights
Illnesses/germs
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Figure 16.4 A lab-reared monkey learns to fear snakes from the reactions of a wild-reared
monkey. But if the snake is not visible, the lab-reared monkey fails to learn any fear.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Figure 16.4 A lab-reared monkey learns to fear snakes from the reactions of a wild-reared
monkey. But if the snake is not visible, the lab-reared monkey fails to learn any fear.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Figure 16.4 A lab-reared monkey learns to fear snakes from the reactions of a wild-reared
monkey. But if the snake is not visible, the lab-reared monkey fails to learn any fear.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
be addictive.
Anti-depressants, which are not likely to be taken
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Obsessions are repetitive, unwelcome streams of
thought.
Compulsions are repetitive, almost irresistible
actions.
Obsessive thoughts generally lead to compulsive
actions.
Checking and cleaning are two very common
compulsive behaviors.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
desensitization.
The patient is exposed to the situation that brings on
Module 16.2
Substance-Related Disorders
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
quit.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Figure 16.7 Low-nicotine cigarettes have a row of small holes in the filter; room air is supposed to
enter through those holes when the smoker inhales and therefore dilute the tobacco smoke. If
people smoke such cigarettes without covering the air holes, little tar and nicotine pass through the
cigarette, as we see from the relatively clean filter tip. However, if people cover the holes with their
fingers or tape, they will
receive about as much tar and nicotine as they would from any other filtered cigarette.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
risk.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
influenced by genetics.
Type II alcoholism shows a strong genetic basis.
other drugs.
Only 10-20% are successful and relapses are very
common.
Many recovering addicts seek help from mental-health
abuse.
These methods are highly controversial
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
using.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Module 16.3
Mood Disorders
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Mood Disorders
Depression
Major depression
Mood Disorders
Depression
Major depression
Figure 16.9 When most people go to sleep at their usual time, they progress slowly to
stage 4 and then back through stages 3 and 2, reaching REM sleep toward the end of
their first 90-minute cycle. Depressed people, however, reach REM more rapidly,
generally in less than 45 minutes. They also tend to awaken frequently during the
night.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Mood Disorders
Depression
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
the winter.
It can be relieved by light therapy, which requires the
Figure 16.10 Most people feel slightly better during the summer (when the sun is out most of the day)
than during the winter (when there are fewer hours of sunlight). People with seasonal affective disorder
(SAD) feel good in the summer and seriously depressed in the winter (or good in the winter and
depressed in the summer). Seasonal affective disorder is commonest in far northern locations such as
Scandinavia, where the summer days are very long and bright and the winter days are very short and
dark. The disorder is unheard-of in tropical locations such as Hawaii, where the amount of sunlight per
day varies only slightly between summer and winter.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Mood Disorders
Depression
Bipolar disorder
depressive disorder.
It involves a cycling of mood between periods of
Mood Disorders
Depression
Genetic predisposition to depression
Mood Disorders
Depression
Genetic predisposition to depression
depression.
Genes probably influence temperament and therefore
Mood Disorders
Depression
Sex differences in depression
Mood Disorders
Depression
Sex differences in depression: hormones
Mood Disorders
Depression
Sex differences in depression: coping
Mood Disorders
Depression
Events that precipitate depression
Mood Disorders
Depression
Events that precipitate depression
depression.
As in the case of stress, it is not just the event but
Mood Disorders
Depression
Cognitive aspects of depression
person.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Mood Disorders
Depression
Cognitive aspects of depression
Mood Disorders
Depression
Treatments for depression
positive beliefs.
Drug therapies use anti-depressant medications
Mood Disorders
Depression
Treatments for depression
head.
It induces a convulsion similar to an epileptic seizure.
Mood Disorders
Depression
Treatments for depression
Mood Disorders
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder: symptoms
Mood Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder: types
Mood Disorders
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder: prevalence
Mood Disorders
Bipolar disorder
Drug therapies for bipolar disorder
to treat mania.
How lithium relieves mania is not well understood.
Mood Disorders
Suicide
Mood disorders and suicide
age
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Figure 16.15 Suicide rates differ as a function of age, gender, and culture. The rates shown
here are for 1988; the rate has dropped since then for Hungary, presumably because of
economic and social changes within the country. (Based on data of Lester, 1996)
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Figure 16.15 Suicide rates differ as a function of age, gender, and culture. The rates shown
here are for 1988; the rate has dropped since then for Hungary, presumably because of
economic and social changes within the country. (Based on data of Lester, 1996)
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Mood Disorders
Suicide
Mood disorders and suicide
Mood Disorders
Suicide
Mood disorders and suicide
Module 16.4
Schizophrenia
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Schizophrenia
What is schizophrenia?
Many people confuse the term schizophrenia with
Figure 16.16 Although the term schizophrenia is derived from Greek roots meaning split
personality, it does not refer to cases where people alternate among different
personalities. Rather, the term originally indicated a split between the intellectual and
emotional aspects of a single personality.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Schizophrenia
What is schizophrenia?
The DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia requires that the
Incoherent speech
behaviors
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Schizophrenia
Symptoms of schizophrenia
It is possible for two people with schizophrenia to have
Schizophrenia
Symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive symptoms
schizophrenia.
Visual hallucinations occur but are less common.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Schizophrenia
Symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive symptoms
Schizophrenia
Symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive symptoms
executive functions.
Deficits of attention, difficulty in switching rules and
Schizophrenia
Types and prevalence
Four types of schizophrenia
Undifferentiated
Catatonic
Disorganized
Paranoid
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Schizophrenia
Four types of schizophrenia
The symptoms of undifferentiated schizophrenia
include:
Deterioration of daily functioning
Hallucinations
Inappropriate emotions
bizarre.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Schizophrenia
Four types of schizophrenia
Catatonic schizophrenia is distinguished by prominent
Excessive activity
Schizophrenia
Four types of schizophrenia
The symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia include:
Incoherent speech
Schizophrenia
Four types of schizophrenia
The symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia include:
Schizophrenia
Prevalence
Prevalence of schizophrenia
developing nations.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Schizophrenia
Prevalence
Prevalence of schizophrenia
adults.
Men are usually diagnosed earlier than women.
Schizophrenia
Causes
Genetic influences
Schizophrenia
Causes
Genetic influences
for schizophrenia.
It is probably not a single-gene disorder.
genetic basis.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
Schizophrenia
Causes
Brain damage may have some influence on the
Schizophrenia
Causes
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis
reasons.
Non-genetic risk factors include: poor prenatal care,
Schizophrenia
Therapies for schizophrenia
Drug therapies
Schizophrenia
Therapies for schizophrenia
Drug therapies
Schizophrenia
Therapies for schizophrenia
Drug therapies
Schizophrenia
Therapies for schizophrenia
Family therapy for schizophrenia
members.
It reduces the additional risk to the patient by
Figure 16.20 This graph indicates that during 2 1/2 years following apparent recovery from
schizophrenia, the percentage of schizophrenic patients who remained improved is higher
in the group that received continuing drug treatment than in the placebo group. But the
graph also shows that antipsychotic drugs do not always prevent relapse. (Based on
Baldessarini, 1984)
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments