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Film and Video


Editing Techniques
YOUR NAME
+Provide a simple definition of what film editing
is

Film Editing is a creative and technical part of the post-


production process of filmmaking. A film editor works
on the raw footage, selecting shots and combining
them into a sequence to create a finishes motion
picture.
+Can you list some examples of early film editing? Think about the
different ways that film makers could combine shots using the
technology of the time. Include weblinks/images where necessary

Early examples of filming editing can be seen in Life of an


American Fireman(1903) by, Edwin S. Porter and George S.
Fleming, they use a plot, action, close ups and dissolves
and fades in black ad then light. They use this fade as a
scene breaker which is a technique we recognise today. The
great Train Robbery was an earlier film directed by Edwin S.
It is clear to see art of filming editing has come a long way
since Life of an American Fireman which was created within
the same year. TGTR did not included close ups or dissolves
as it would have been difficult with the technology they had
to use. Personally, I found the editing used in the LOAAF
made the film more interesting and would have attracted a
larger audience. The audience would have realised that the
fade outs and dissolve were scene breakers.
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Visual examples.

The Great Train Robbery. Life of an American Fireman.

No
Close
close
ups.
ups in
the
film.

Here the scene jumps Here the scenes fades into


straight to the next scene black to show a scene break.
(no effect)
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PT2.

George Melies produced a film in 1902 called, Journey


to the Moon. The film uses editing techniques will know
today. The technique used in the film is desolves
directly into the next scene. This technique is still used
today in modern films. In journey to the moon the
technique is used to transition to the next scene (scene
breaker) however, Kill Bill has used the technique to
show a flashback and revert back to the past scene.
Journey to the moon.
Kill Bill. (2004)
(1902)
+Describe the concept of montage and
juxtaposition [remember Eisenstein and
Kuleshov] and give an example

Juxtaposition is the film editing technique of joining at least two


shots to summon a idea or perspective. A montage is a technique
of selecting, editing, and piecing together separate sections of
film to form a continuous whole. It may also be used to mean
intellectual montage which is the juxtaposition of short shots to
represent actions or ideas.

Kuleshove did a experiment to show how juxtaposition works.


These shots establish the POV (Point of view) and reaction shot.

In the film Psycho the shower scene where Marion is murdered.


The montage consists of 78 shots that span 48 seconds.


+List the types of cut/edit you can use and
provide an example of each on in use
Cut.
A visual transition created in
editing in which one shot is instantaneously replaced on
screen by another.

Continuity editingEditing that creates action that flows


smoothly across shots and scenes without jarring visual
inconsistencies. Establishes a sense of story for the viewer.
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PT2.
Wipe Visible on screen as a bar travelling across the
frame pushing one shot off and pulling the next shot
into place. Rarely used in contemporary film, but
common in films from the 1930s and 1940s.

Eyeline match The matching of eyelines between two


or more characters. For example, if Sam looks to the
right in shot A, Jean will look to the left in shot B. This
establishes a relationship of proximity and continuity.
+Below, list the four relationships between shots

Editing and Graphic Relationships [PICTURE]

Editing and Rhythmic Relationships [RHYTHM]

Editing and Temporal Relationships [TIME]

Editing and Spatial Relationships [SPACE]


+For GRAPHIC relationships provide a description and examples of
its usage [with a weblink to a sequence on YouTube and still
frames where necessary you may add more slides if you need to]

Graphic matches are useful in relating two otherwise


separate scene. By ending one shot with a frame
containing the same compositional elements (shapes,
colour, size etc.) as the beginning frame of the next
shot, a connection is drawn between the two shots with
a smooth transitions.
+For RYTHMIC relationships provide a description and examples of
its usage [with a weblink to a sequence on YouTube and still
frames where necessary you may add more slides if you need to]

Rhythm editing describes an assembling of shots and


sequences according to a rhythmic pattern of some
kind, usually dictated by music. It can be narrative, as
in the clip from Woody Allens Bananas below, or, a
music video type collage, as in the second clip from
Sofia Coppolas Marie Antoinette. In either case,
dialogue is suppressed and the musical relationship
between shots takes center stage.
+For TEMPORAL relationships provide a description and examples of
its usage [with a weblink to a sequence on YouTube and still
frames where necessary you may add more slides if you need to]
+Define the Hollywood method of continuity editing and
why it became so prevalent
+Provide a description of a scene where the 180 degree
line has been used, how does it provide spatial
continuity/discontinuity?
+POV and identification explain how we are invited to
identify with a character through POV and shot reverse
shot
+Provide a definition of cross-cutting/parallel editing, what
is so effective about this technique? Where might a
director use it?
+What is Ellipsis? Select an example and explain
how it works
+What is meant by the term intensified continuity? Why
do you think continuity editing has developed in this
way?
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Your Case Study
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Free choice case study

Your individual case study should describe the


development of editing in film and aim to highlight the
different aspects of editing discussed in the lecture
[with examples]

You should select at least 2 different examples/clips to


discuss you should include links to these and use still
images to support your arguments

Use the questions listed on the next slide to start your


investigations
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Questions to ask

When any two shots are joined, you can ask several
questions:

1. How are the shots graphically continuous or discontinuous?

2. What rhythmic relations are created?

3. Are the shots spatially continuous? If not, what creates the


spatial discontinuity? [Cross-cutting? Ambiguous cues?] If
the shots are continuous, how does the 180-degree system
create the continuity?

4. Are the shots temporally continuous? If so, what creates the


continuity? [e.g. matches on action?] If not, what creates
the discontinuity?

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