TEMPERATURE

REGULATION

Irawan Yusuf
Department of Physiology Faculty of
Medicine
Hasanuddin University
 INTRODUCTION
In a healthy individual, body temperature is
kept constant in a very small range despite
of big differences in temperature of the
surroundings and also those in physical
activity.
Very perfect regulation of body temperature,
necessary for optimal progress of enzymatic
reactions.
The ability to sense and regulate body
temperature is key feature of human survival
 Type of Body Temperature
Core temperature: is the
temperature of deep tissue of the
body such as thorax, abdominal
cavity. it relatively constant.

Surface temperature: is the

temperature of skin, subcutaneous
tissue rise and fall in response to
environment.
 Normal Body
Temperatures
Normal body temperature for healthy adult is
approximately 37.0C or 98.6F (36.5C- 37.5C).
Variability of body temperature influence by:
Thermometer placement,
Circadian rhythms,
Menstrual cycles,
Physical exercise,
Sleep,
Aging,
Environment,
Diseases conditions.
There is a circadian rhythm, tends to be 0.5-1.0C
higher in the evening than in the early morning.
 C 43 C (109.4 F) Normally DEATH or serious brain
damage
42 C ( 107.6 F) May turn pale or remain flushed
and red
May become comatose
Be in severe delirium, vomiting
and convulsion
Blood pressure may be high or
low
Heart rate fast
41 C ( 105.8 F) Fainting, vomiting, severe
headache, dizziness, confusion,
hallucinations, delirium and
drowsiness can occur
Palpitation and breathlessness
may also occur

40 C(104 F) -Fainting, dehydration, weakness,

vomiting, headache , dizziness,
confusion, hallucination, delirium,
and drowsiness
39 C(102.2 F) -Severe sweating, flushed n very
red.
 37 C (98.6 F) Normal body temp.
36 C ( 96.8 F) Moderate shivering
35 C ( 95.0 F) Hypothermia intense shivering,
grayness skin
34 C (93.2 F) Severe shivering, loss movement
of finger, blueness and confusion
33 C ( 91.4 F) Moderate to severe confusion,
sleepiness, depressed reflexes,
slow heart beat, shivering may
stop
32 C ( 89.6 F) Hallucination, delirium, complete
confusion, extreme sleepiness
(comatose), shivering is absent
31 C (87.8 F) Comatose, rarely conscious. No
or slight reflexes, very shallow
breathing and sloe heart rate
28 C ( 82.4 F) Severe heart rhythm likely may
stop anytime.
24-26 C ( 75.2-78.8 F) DEATH usually occurs
c
Variation of Oral, Rectal, Tympanic and
Axillary Temperature
Typical diurnal changes in normal
core body temperature
Menstrual Cycle and Temperature Fluctuation
Variation Due to Aging
Age-related Changes in
Thermoregulation
 CONTROL OF BODY
TEMPERATURE
Body temperature is controlled by
balancing:
Heat Production,
Heat Loss.
Human response to change in
temperature by:
Autonomic response,
Behavioral response.
Components of Thermal Regulation

1. Thermoreceptors in the skin

Receptors 2. Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus

The thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus

Coordinator (subdivided into heat gain centre and heat loss
centre)

Sweat glands
Hair erector muscles
Effectors Arterioles supplying skin capillaries
Skeletal muscles
Glands
 Central Mechanism of
Thermoregulation
Hypothalamus a structure within the
brain that helps controls various
metabolic activities.
Preoptic area/ anterior hypothalamus a
structure detect heat gain,
Posterior hypothalamus detect heat loss.
When sensor of hypothalamus detect
heat gain or loss, they send signals
intend to reduce or increase
temperature.
Control of Human Thermoregulatory Responses
 Skin based effectors
responding to heat gain

Effector Response

Arterioles The muscles relax this is known as vasodilation. The

effect of this is to increases the blood flow to the
supplying skin surface of the skin causing increased heat loss by
capillaries radiation.
The glands secrete sweat onto the surface of the skin.
The sweat is composed mainly of water, which
Sweat glands evaporates from the skin surface. As water has a high
latent heat of evaporation the evaporating sweat
removes heat from the surface of the skin.

Hair erector The muscles relax this lowers the hairs on the skin
surface. The hairs do not trap air when laid flat so they
muscles allow heat to be removed more easily by convection.
 Skin based effectors
responding to heat loss

Effector Response

The muscle contract this is known as

Arterioles vasoconstriction. Blood flows through the shunt
supplying skin vessel as this is the path of least resistance. Less
capillaries blood flows to the surface of the skin so there is less
heat loss by radiation.

The sweat glands stop producing sweat therefore

Sweat glands stopping the heat loss of evaporating sweat.

The muscle contract this raises the hairs on the

Hair erector surface of the skin. The effect of this is to reduce
muscles airflow therefore reducing convection of heat from the
skin.
 Heat Production
Heat Production is a product of metabolism:
Basal rate of metabolism of all the cells of the body;
Extra rate of metabolism caused by muscle activity
including muscle contractions caused by shivering;
Extra metabolism caused by the effect of thyroxine (and,
to a less extent, other hormones, such as growth
hormone and testosterone) on the cells;
Extra metabolism caused by the effect of epinephrine,
norepinephrine, and sympathetic stimulation on the cells;
Extra metabolism caused by increased chemical activity
in the cells themselves, especially when the cell
temperature increases;
Extra metabolism needed for digestion, absorption, and
storage of food (thermogenic effect of food).
 Heat Loss
The rate at which heat is lost is
determined almost entirely by two
factors:
how rapidly heat can be conducted
from where it is produced in the body
core to the skin,
how rapidly heat can then be
transferred from the skin to the
surroundings.
 Heat Loss
Radiation
 FEVER
A systematic, non specific defensive
response caused by infection from
bacteria and virus, or inflammation
indicated by abnormal high body
temperature.
A fever is defined as a temperature
1 or more above the normal 98.6
degrees Fahrenheit (F) or 37 degrees
Celsius (C).
 Beneficial Effects of Fever
Fever helps the body fight infections by
making the body's defense systems work
more efficiently.
Bacteria and viruses cannot live at higher
temperatures and are killed by fever.
Speed up metabolism for tissue repair
 Cause of Fever
Infections caused by bacteria,ricketsia,chlamydia,viruses and parasites.

Immune reactions including the defects in collagen, immunological

abnormalities and acquired immunodeficiency.
Destruction of tissues and inflammatory reaction in tissues and vessel.

Specific inflammation( sarcoidosis, granulomatous hepatitis )

Infection of intestine and inabdominal inflammatory process.

Acute metabolic failure such as arthritis uric.

Administration of some drugs.

Dehydration of salts.

Administration of foreign proteins.

Mechanism of Fever
 Temperature Measurement
Oral site: mouth,
Advantage: convenient and accessible
Disadvantage: can break in bitten, so its
contraindicated for: uncooperative client,
children, unconscious, shivering and prone to
seizers.
Inaccurate if the patient been smoking, eating
hot or cold food or drinks. So you should Delay
taking oral temperature at least 10min.
 Temperature Measurement
Rectal site:
Advantage: Most reliable
Disadvantage: can be embarrassing
for alert client, (inconvenient), and
can injury the rectum.
Its above than the oral site by 0.5C.
 Temperature Measurement
Auxiliary:
Advantage: safe, and most
noninvasive, its preferred site for
infant, unconscious patient.
Disadvantage: it takes long time to
obtain an accurate reading.
Its less than the oral site by 0.5C
 Temperature Measurement
Tympanic:
Advantage: Very fast, accessible, and
reflect the core temperature. Its
suitable for children
Disadvantage: right and left
measurement can differ, and there is
risk of membrane injury in inserted
too far
THANK YOU