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What is research
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In a university setting, research is defined
as an original investigation undertaken in
order to contribute to knowledge and
understanding in a particular field
Research is a creative activity leading to
the production of new knowledge
How do we know that the research results
are new?
How do we know that the findings are
original?
How do we know that the research was
conduced in a rigorous manner?
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Qualitative
Research
Definitions
Qualitative research is a situated activity
that locates the observer in the world. It
consists of a set of interpretive practices
that make the world visible. These
practices transform the world. They turn
the world into a series of representations,
including field notes, interviews,
conversations, photographs, memos and
recordings to the self (Denzin and Lincoln,
2005, p.3)
Definitions
Qualitative research begins with assumptions, a
worldview, the possible use of a theoretical lens,
and the study of research problems inquiring into
the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a
social or human problem. To study this problem,
qualitative researchers use an emerging
qualitative approach to inquiry, the collection of
data in a natural setting, sensitive to the people
and places under study, and data analysis that is
inductive and establishes patterns or themes. The
final report or presentation includes the voices of
the participants, the reflexivity of the researcher
and a complex description and interpretation of
the problem, and it extends the literature or
signals a call for action Creswell, p. 36, 2007.
Qualitative Questions
Qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations
of social phenomena. That is to say, it aims to help us to
understand the world in which we live and why things are the
way they are. It is concerned with the social aspects of our
world and seeks to answer questions about:
http://www.trentrdsu.org.uk/cms/uploads/Qualitative%20Research.pdf
Qualitative Questions
Qualitative research is concerned
with finding the answers to questions
which begin with: why? how? in what
way? Quantitative research, on the
other hand, is more concerned with
questions about: how much? how
many? how often? to what extent?
Overview of Qualitative
8
Research
Types of questions using
qualitative research
What is happening
here?
Why is it happening?
How has it come to
happen this way?
When did it happen?
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Why do qualitative
research?
Qualitative research methods are designed to
help researchers understand people and what
they say and do
They allow a researcher to see and
understand the context within which actions
and decisions take place
It is the context that helps to explain why
someone said something or acted the way
they did
Also by talking to people, or reading what they
have written, we can find out what they are or
were thinking
Overview of Qualitative
13
Research
In qualitative methods
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Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is multimethod in
focus, involving an interpretative,
naturalistic approach to its subject matter.
Qualitative Researchers study things
(people and their thoughts) in their natural
settings, attempting to make sense of, or
interpret, phenomena in terms of the
meanings people bring to them.
Qualitative Research
Overview of Qualitative
18
Research
Qualitative Research Always
Best
WHEN
When you are well aware about method
(interview. Focus group, observation etc.)
Above mention methods relevant with research
problem and model
Overview of Qualitative
19
Research
Should Use qualitative
Method
What I am trying to find
What kind of result I want to achieve
How others deal with this topic
What practical consideration my topic render
Overview of Qualitative
20
Research
1. Steps in Qualitative Research
2. General research question
3. Select relevant site(s) and subjects
4. Collection of relevant data
5. Interpretation of data
6. Conceptual and theoretical work
7. Tighter specification of the research
question
8. Collection of further data
9. Conceptual and theoretical work
10.Write up findings
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22
Qualitative vs. quantitative research
Quantitative
Criteria Qualitative Research
Research
Purpose To understand & interpret To test hypotheses, look at
social interactions. cause & effect, & make
predictions.
Group Smaller & not randomly Larger & randomly
Studied selected. selected.
Variables Study of the whole, not Specific variables studied
variables.
Type of Data Words, images, or objects. Numbers and statistics.
Collected
Form of Data Qualitative data such as Quantitative data based
Collected open-ended responses, on precise measurements
interviews, participant using structured &
observations, field notes, & validated data-collection
reflections. instruments.
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Qualitative vs. quantitative research
Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
Type of Data Identify patterns, features, Identify statistical relationships.
Analysis themes.
Objectivity Subjectivity is expected. Objectivity is critical.
and
Subjectivity
Role of Researcher & their biases Researcher & their biases are
Researcher may be known to participants not known to participants in the
in the study, & participant study, & participant
characteristics may be known characteristics are deliberately
to the researcher. hidden from the researcher
(double blind studies).
Results Particular or specialized Generalizable findings that can
findings that is less be applied to other populations.
generalizable.
Scientific Exploratory or bottomup: the Confirmatory or top-down: the
Method researcher generates a new researcher tests the hypothesis
hypothesis and theory from and theory with the data.
the data collected. 24
Qualitative vs. quantitative research
Quantitative
Criteria Qualitative Research
Research
View of Human Dynamic, situational, social, & Regular & predictable.
Behavior personal.
Most Common Explore, discover, & construct. Describe, explain, & predict.
Research
Objectives
Focus Wide-angle lens; examines the Narrow-angle lens; tests a
breadth & depth of specific hypotheses.
phenomena.
Nature of Study behavior in a natural Study behavior under
Observation environment. controlled conditions; isolate
causal effects.
Nature of Multiple realities; subjective. Single reality; objective.
Reality
Final Report Narrative report with Statistical report with
contextual description & direct correlations, comparisons of
quotations from research means, & statistical
participants. significance of findings. 25
Triangulation