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Mobile Systems
Definition
Enjoy communication services while
moving
A mobile communication link is a
communication link in which at least
one terminal is mobile
PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network
A generic term for a mobile wireless network
that is centrally operated and administrated
by an organization and uses land-based radio
frequency transmitters or base stations as
network hubs
PLMNs can stand alone and interconnect with
one another or connect to a fixed system
such as the PSTN
Cellular phones and mobile Internet access
are two common uses of a PLMN
1G
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the
original analog, voice-only cellular telephone
standard, developed in the 1980s.
Analog cellular service is being phased out in
most places worldwide
Examples
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries,
Eastern Europe and Russia
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the US
TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the UK
JTAGS in Japan, C-Netz in West Germany, Radiocom 2000
in France, and RTMI in Italy.
2G
GSM UMTS
AMPS WCDMA
CDMA
TACS IS95 CDMA
Analog to Voice to
2000
NMT Digital TDMA Broadband
IS-136 TD-
Others SCDMA
PDC
EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution or Enhanced Data GSM
Environment or Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
A faster version of GSM wireless service that enables data to be delivered
at rates up to 384 Kbps
Although technically a 3G network technology, it is generally classified as
the unofficial standard 2.75G, due to its slower network speed
Mobile Systems
CDMA
Development of CDMA
System
CDMA2000
3x
CDMA2000
1x 307.2kbps
Heavier voice
IS95A IS95B
9.6kbp 115.2kb CDMA2000
s ps service 1x EV
capacity
1995 1x EV-DO
1998 Longer period
1x EV-DV
of standby time
2000
2003
(1)
Mobile Station (MS)
The mobile subscriber equipment, which can
originate and receive calls and communicate
with the BTS.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Transmits and receives radio signals, realizing
communication between the radio system and
the mobile station.
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Performs management and control of BTS, call,
mobility, handoff, power, and radio resources
Packet Control Function (PCF)
Performs the radio packet connection
management
CDMA2000 Network
Structure (2)
Packet Data Service Node (PDSN)
Performs the switching of packet data services of mobile
subscribers.
One PDSN can be connected to multiple PCFs.
It provides the interface between the radio network and
the packet data network.
Home Location Register (HLR)
A database for mobile subscriber management
Responsible for storing subscription information, MS
location information, MS identity numbers
AC (Authentication Center)
A database that is physically combined with the HLR.
A functional entity of the HLR, specially dedicated to the
security management of the CDMA system.
It stores the authentication information.
prevents unauthorized subscribers access
CDMA2000 Network
Structure (3)
Home Agent (HA)
An HLR like agent located at the home network of the
Mobile Node
Broadcasts the accessible information of MN
Tunnels data for the MN when it is in a foreign network
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
The MSC implements the service switching between the
calling and called subscribers.
One MSC is connected with multiple BSCs, and can also
be connected to the PSTN, ISDN or other MSCs.
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
a dynamic database, stores the temporary information
(all data necessary to set up call connections) of the
roaming subscribers in the local MSC area
CDMA 2000 Network
Structure (4)
Direct Spread (DS)
Transmission Receiving
Wideband signal
P()
Add
1 0 1 0 1 1
Channel
Source coding Spread Scrambling Modulation RF transit
Coding
Revers
e
Forwar
Symbo d
Bit Chip
l
1 0 1 0 1 1
Source Channel
De-Spread Unscrambling Demodulation RF receive
Decoding Decoding
MS: Which BTS ?
P BTS B
BTS A 4N
8
10
PN
2
PN 5
BTS C
Short code
0000000. A
0101010 B
0000111 C
MS-C
MS-H
0
MS-G 0101010
MS-B
MS-A
MS-F
MS-D
MS-E
Walsh codes
Each MS has unique Walsh code
BTS: Which MS?
MS-C
MS-H
MS-G MS-B
MS-A
MS-F
MS-D
Long code
MS-E
no power control
Candidate Set
Neighbor Set
Remaining Set
Soft Handoff And Softer
Handoff
MS can keep traffic channel
with two or more sectors.
Soft handoffinvolves
traffic channel from more
than one BTS and Multi-
path combination in the
BSC.
Softer handoffinvolves
traffic channel from two or
more sectors of one BTS
and Multi-path combination
in the BTS.
Definition of Coverage Areas
Service area
PLMN area
MSC area
Location area
Cell area
Sector
area
MIN/IMSI (identity/international mobile subscriber identity )
15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
NMSI
IMSI
31 24 23 1817 0
Manufacturers reserved
number Equipment SN
Basics
Overview
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
1990, GSM phase 1 published
GSM uses a TDMA/FDMA combination
More channels of communication are available
All channels are digital
GSM uses higher frequency bands
Provides additional capacity
And higher subscribers densities
GSM is capable for international roaming through
agreements between GSM operators worldwide
Frequency Bands: 450, 900,1800,1900 MHz
Technical data
Multiple Access Method
TDMA / FDMA
BS to MS frequencies
935960 MHz
MS to BS frequencies
890915
Duplex spacing
45 MHz
Channel spacing
200 kHz
8 Speech Channels per RF channel
SIM
Subscriber Identity Module or Smart Card
Contains a computer chip and some non-
volatile memory
Inserted into a slot in the base of the handset
The memory held info include
Subscriber identity number
Telephone number
Original network to which the subscriber belongs
Can be moved from one handset to another
A handset reads the info off the smart card
and transmits it to the network
Network Elements
Mobile Station (MS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Authentication Center (AuC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
MS
Mobile Station
Starting point of a mobile wireless network
Can contain
Mobile Terminal (MT)
GSM cellular handset
Terminal Equipment (TE)
PC or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
Can be
Two devices (MT & TE) interconnected with a P-t-P
interface
A single device with both functions integrated
BTS
Base Transceiver Station
A subscriber call request is sent by the MS
to the BTS
Includes all the necessary radio equipment
for radio transmission within a cell
Antennas, signal processing devices, amplifiers
Responsible for
Establishing the link to the MS
Modulating/Demodulating radio signals between
the MS and the BTS
BSC
Base Station Controller
The controlling component of the radio
network
Manages the BTSs
Reserves radio frequencies for
communications
Handles the handoff between BTSs when an
MS roams from one cell to another
Responsible for paging the MS for incoming
calls
BSS
Base Station Subsystem
A GSM network is comprised of many
BSSs
Each BSS is controlled by a BSC
The BSS performs the necessary
functions for
Monitoring radio connections to the MS
Voice coding/decoding
Rate adaptation to/from the wireless
network
A BSS can contain several BTSs
MSC
Mobile Switching Center
A digital ISDN switch that sets up
connections to the other MSCs and to
the BSCs
The MSCs form the wired (fixed)
backbone of a GSM network and can
switch calls to the PSTN
An MSC can connect to several BSCs
EIR
Equipment Identity Register
A database that stores the international
mobile equipment identities (IMEIs) of
all the MSs in the network
The IMEI is an equipment identifier
assigned by the manufacturer of the MS
The EIR provide security features such
as blocking calls from handsets that
have been stolen
HLR
Home Location Register
The central database for all users to
register to the GSM network
Stores subscribers static information
such as
International mobile subscriber identity
(IMSI)
Subscribed services
Subscriber authentication key
It also stores dynamic subscriber info
such as the current location of the
AuC
Authentication Center
A database associated with the HLR
Contains
The algorithms for subscribers
authentication
The necessary encryption keys to
safeguard the user input
VLR
Visitor Location Register
A distributed database that temporarily stores
information about the MSs that are active in
the geographic area for which the VLR is
responsible
A VLR is associated with each MSC in the
network
When a new subscriber roams into a location
area, the VLR copies subscriber info from the
HLR to its local database
This HLR-VLR relationship avoids
Frequent HLR database update
Long distance signaling of the user info
Hence allowing faster access to subscriber info
GSM database
The HLR, VLR, and AuC comprise the
management database that support
roaming (including international
roaming) in the GSM network
They authenticate calls while the GSM
subscribers roam between the private
network and the PLMN
They store subscriber identities, current
location area, and subscription levels
NSS
Network and Switching Subsystem
The heart of the GSM system
Connects the wireless network to the
standard wired network
Responsible for calls handoff
between BSSs
Perform services such as
Charging
Accounting
Roaming
Other Network
AuC
EIR
GMSC/VLR
BSS
HLR
MS BTS
BSC MSC/VLR
cell
NSS
BSC
MS BTS
cell
MS AuC
Um D
H PSTN, ISDN, PDN
C
Abis B
BSC GMSC
A
F EIR D
E
B
MSC VLR
GPRS
Overview
Introduction
General Packet Radio Service
Provides packet radio access for GSM users
Allows network operators to implement an IP based core architecture
for data applications, and it can be expanded for integrated voice and
data applications
It was originally standardized by ETSI, but now by the 3GPP
For multiple access control, FDD and FDMA methods are used
During a session, a user is assigned to one pair of UL and DL
frequency channels.
This is combined with time domain statistical multiplexing, i.e. packet
mode communication, which makes it possible for several users to
share the same frequency channel
The DL uses FIFS packet scheduling, while the UL uses a reservation
scheme
When the mobile built-in browser is used, IPv4 is utilized.
But if the mobile is used as a modem to the connected computer, PPP
is used to tunnel IP to the phone
Packet transport rates: from 9.6 kbps to 171 kbps
GPRS applications
Features
Ability to maintain constant voice and data communications while on
the move
Ability to obtain connectivity when needed regardless of location
Ability to obtain info relevant to subscribers current location
Ability to reach applications whether they reside in the service
providers network or the public Internet
Examples
Communications
E-mail, fax, unified messaging, intranet access, Internet access
Value-added services
Information services, games
E-commerce
Banking, financial trading
Location-based applications
Navigation, traffic condition, hotel finding
Vertical applications
Vehicle tracking
advertising
GPRS network elements
(NEs)
Terminal Equipment (TE)
BTS
BSC
GSN
GPRS Support Node
SGSN: serving GSN
GGSN: gateway GSN
Databases
All existing databases (HLR, VLR, . . ) with
software upgrade
SMS-GMSC SMS-SC
SMS-IWMSC
MSC/VLR HLR
PDN TE
TE MT BSS SGSN GGSN
SGSN EIR
GGSN
Other PLMN
Basics
Overview
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
3G mobile communication system that provides a range
of broadband services
Delivers low-cost mobile communications at data rates
of up to 2 Mbps
Preserves the global roaming capability of GSM/GPRS
networks, and provides new enhanced capabilities
Designed to provide voice, data, and multimedia
services for mobile wireless subscribers
Extends GSM/GPRS networks toward an all-IP network
Uses Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
Handover between UMTS and GSM is supported
Service: QoS classes
Conversational class
Voice, video telephony, video gaming
Streaming class
Multimedia, video on demand, webcast
Interactive class
Web browsing, database access
Background class
E-mail, SMS, file downloading
Service: categories and applications
Internet access
Messaging, video download, VoIP, mobile
commerce
Intranet/extranet access
Enterprise e-mail, mobile sales, corporate database
access, conferencing
Customized information
Info download, travel assistance, distance
education
MMS
SMS extension for images, unified messaging,
document transfer
Location based services
Yellow pages, trading, navigational service
Network Elements
GSM core NEs
MSC, HLR, VLR, AuC, EIR
GPRS NEs
SGSN, GGSN
UMTS-specific NEs
User Equipment (UE)
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
elements
GSM BSS
VLR GMSC PSTN
PSTN
BTS MSC ISDN
ISDN
MS
BSC
BTS
AuC
Node B
PDN
PDN
UE RNC
SGSN GGSN
Node B
Core network
Node B RNC
Architecture
UMTS interfaces
Four new open interfaces
Uu
UE-Node B, the UMTS air interface
Iu
RNC-GSM/GPRS
Iu-Cs: circuit switched data
Iu-Ps: packet switched data
Iub
RNC-Node B
Iur
RNC-RNC
UTRAN
UMTS terrestrial radio access network
UMTS uses WCDMA for air interface access
WCDMA has two basic operation modes
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
This new air interface requires a new radio access network
(RAN), which is the UTRAN
The core network requires minor modifications to
accommodate the UTRAN
Two new NEs are introduced in the UTRAN
RNC
Node B
The UTRAN contains multiple radio network systems (RNS),
and each RNS is controlled by an RNC
The RNC connects to one or more Node B elements
Each Node B can serve multiple cells
RNC
Radio Network Controller
Similar functions to BSC of GSM/GPRS
Provides centralized control of the node B
elements in its coverage area
Handles protocol exchange between UTRAN
interfaces
Provides centralized O&M for the RNS and
access to an OSS
Unlike GSM/GPRS RNC uses Iur interface to
manage radio resources
Manages control functions such as connection
to the UE, congestion control, and handover
Node B
Equivalent to the BTS
Radio tx/rx unit of communication between cells
Can be physically located with an existing GSM BTS:
reducing cost
Connects to the UE over the radio interface using WCDMA
A single node B can support both FDD and TDD modes
Connects to the RNC using ATM
Functions
Air interface Tx/Rx
Modulation/Demodulation
CDMA physical channel coding
Diversity
Closed loop power control
Data conversion on the air interface including error
correction and rate adaptation
It monitors the quality and strength of the connection
and calculates the frame error rate, and sends the result
to the RNC
UE
UMTS user equipment
It is the combination of the subscribers
mobile equipment and the UMTS subscriber
identity module (USIM)
The USIM is physically similar to the
GSM/GPRS SIM, and it
Supports multiple user profiles
Updates its information over the air
Provides security functions
Provides user authentication
Supports payment methods inclusion
Supports secure downloading of new applications
UE identity parameters
Many of them taken directly from GSM
IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
TMSI
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
P-TMSI
Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TLLI
Temporary Logical Link Identity
MSISDN
Mobile Station ISDN
IMEI
International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMEISV
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity and Software
number
UE operation modes
PS/CS mode
UE is attached to both packet-switched and circuit-
switched domain
UE can simultaneously use PS and CS services
PS mode
UE is attached to the PS domain
Can use only PS service
Allows CS-like services (e.g., VoIP)
CS mode
It is attached to the CS domain
Uses only CS services