Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
(BEC 402)
Calculator
Dimension Paper
SMM 2
Bockrath, J., (2000). Contracts and the Legal Environment for Engineers and
Architects, 6th. Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Seely, Ivor H., (1987). Civil Engineering Quantities, 4th. Edition, MacMillan Education
Ltd.
Bunni, N.G., (1991). The FIDIC form of contract, BSP Professional book, London.
Smith, R.C., (1986). Estimating and Tendering for Building Works, Longman Inc.,
New York.
Bockrath, J., (2000). Contracts and the Legal Environment for Engineers and
Architects, 6th. Edition, McGraw-Hill.
INTRODUCTION TO
MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES
INTRODUCTION TO
MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES
Why do we need to do a measurement/taking
off?
What is a Bill of Quantities?
MEASUREMEN TOTAL
BQ
T / TAKING PRICING AMOUNT FOR
PRODUCTION
OFF PROJECT
MEASUREMEN TOTAL
BQ
T / TAKING PRICING AMOUNT FOR
PRODUCTION
OFF PROJECT
ADVANTAGES OF BILL OF
QUANTITIES (BoQ)
SAVE
SAME REFEREN
RESOURCE
BASIS S
S
VALUTIONS PROCURING
STANDARD METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT (GETTING STARTED)
EQUIPMENT & INFO PROCEDURES
SMM 2 Prepare taking off
2. Formwork to soffits of M2
landing slab
L
W Meter Square
(m2)
L Meter (m)
Item / No.
STANDARD METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT (DESCRIPTION)
ITEM SMM REQUIREMENT DESCRIPTION
1 1. Work classification (G.1.1b) 1 brickwall in common
BRICK 2. Type of brick (G.3.1a) brick in cement and sand
WALL 3. Type of bonding (G.3.1b) (1:6) mortar in English
4. Ratio and mixture of mortar bond, load bearing wall
(G.3.1c)
5. Wall thickness (G.3.3)
6. Class (G.3.3a)
STANDARD METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT (BRACKET)
STANDARD METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT (SIDECAST)
STANDARD METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT (ANOTATION)
STANDARD METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT (DEDUCTION)
EVERYTHING
NEED TO BE
IN RED!!
STANDARD METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT (CORRECTION)
STANDARD METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT (SHORT FORMS)
Ddt = Deduct
Ditto = As
mentioned above
A.b.d = as before
described
DIMENSION PAPER
ELEMENT: WBLFF(PADFOUNDATION, GROUNDBEAM, CONCBED) PAGE: 1OF3
DIMENSION DESCRIPTION DIMENSION DESCRIPTION
Length Length
7.200 7.200
add 2 corners (2 x 0.625) 1.250 less 2 col stump (2x0.3) -0.600
8.450 6.600
Width Depth
7.200 0.500
add 2 corners (2 x 0.625) 1.250 lean concrete 0.025
8.450 0.525
4
8.45 Excavation to remove top soil 6.60 Excavate trench to receive ground
average depth 100mm beam starting from reduce level
8.45 0.15
max depth n.e 0.25m
0.53
Depth
Concrete bed 0.125
hardcore 0.150 Allow for keeping the surfaces of
the site & excavation free of surface
0.275 Item
water
less top soil -0.100
0.175
8.45 Excavate to reduce level max depth Concrete grade 7 blinding n.e
n.e 0.25m 100mm thick laid on earth
8.45
0.18
4
Depth 1.25 (Pad Foundation)
lean concrete 0.030 1.25
footing 0.300 0.03
column stump 0.750
1.080 4
4 6.6 (Ground Beam)
1.25 Excavate pit to receive pad footing 0.15
starting from reduce level max
1.25 0.03
depth n.e 1.50m
1.08
4
1.25 Reinforced insitu concrete Grade 20
in isolated foundation Bases (Pad
1.25
Foundation), in 4 nos
0.30
4
0.30 Reinforced insitu concrete Grade 30
in isolated column stump
0.30
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
MEASUREMENT
GIRTH / PERIMETER /
AREA
Thick brickwall
Outer Dimension
GIRTH / PERIMETER /
AREA
MEASUREMENT OF SITE CLEARING
MEASUREMENT OF SITE
CLEARING
Section D
Two ways to measured:
Excavation
Lean/Concrete Blinding
Foundation
Column Stump
Ground Beam
Hardcore
Damp Proof Membrane
Ground floor slab/bed
GENERAL RULES FOR
MEASUREMENT OF EXCAVATION
Types of excavation:
Top Soil (compulsory to all excavation)
Reduce level (compulsory to all excavation)
Pit excavation
Trench excavation
D.15 keeping the excavation free of water
(compulsory to all excavation)
GENERAL RULES FOR
MEASUREMENT OF EXCAVATION
Original
Ground Level
Section D (Top Soil)
Level After
D.10 depth
Excvation of
classification Top Soil
(Reduced
Max depth n.e 0.25m Level)
Max depth n.e 1.00m
<0.25m
Max depth n.e 2.00m <1.00m
Max depth n.e 4.00m <2.00m
And thereafter in 2.00m <4.00m
stages
D.11 starting level
MEASUREMENT OF EXCAVATION
(TOP SOIL)
D.7 & D.22
Original Ground
In Meter Square Level (Top Soil)
(m2)
Level After
Length X Width
Excvation of Top
State: Soil
To used back or
dispose
Average Depth
MEASUREMENT OF
EXCAVATION
(REDUCE LEVEL)
D.12.4 Original
In cubic meter Ground Level
(Top Soil)
(m3)
Length x Width x Level After
Depth Excavation of
Top Soil
State:
Stages of depth
Excavation to
Reduce Level
MEASUREMENT OF EXCAVATION
(PIT FOR PAD FOUNDATION)
D.12.6 Excavatio
n of pit
In cubic meter (m3) foundatio
Measure separately for n
both dimension less than
1.25m
State:
To receive what?
No.
Starting level
Stages of depth
MEASUREMENT OF EXCAVATION
(TRENCH FOR GROUND BEAM)
D.12.8
D.15
D.12.4
D.12.4
D.11 F.3.3
D.10
F.3.15
MEASUREMENT OF
CONCRETE WORKS
Concrete for substructure generally:
Lean Concrete / Concrete blinding
Foundation
Column stump
Ground beam
Lower floor/Concrete Bed
Section F
CONCRETE WORKS
(LEAN CONCRETE / CONCRETE
BLINDING)
Any structure that
laid on earth
F.1.6 & F.2.1
Measured in m3
(Length x Width x
Thickness)
Need to stated:
Thickness:
N.e 100mm
100mm 150mm
150mm 300mm
Exceeding 300mm
Grade of concrete
CONCRETE WORKS
(PAD/BASE FOUNDATION)
F.3.1
In Cubic Meter (m3)
Length x Width x
Thickness
Stated :
Type of foundation
No.
CONCRETE WORKS
(COLUMN STUMP)
F.3.1
In Cubic Meter (m3)
Length x Width x
Height
Stated for column
stump
CONCRETE WORKS
(GROUND BEAM)
F.3.5
In Cubic Meter (m3)
Length x Width x
Thickness
CONCRETE WORKS
(CONCRETE BED)
In cubic meter
(m3)
F.2.1, states:
N.e 100mm
100mm -150mm
150mm 300mm
Exceed 300mm
F.1.6 shall
stated where it is
poured
GENERAL RULES FOR
MEASUREMENT OF FORMWORK
Section F.10
F.10.3 measured to the surface of the finished
height:
N.e 250mm
250mm 500mm
500mm 1.00 meter
State the usage
D.1
D.12.
7
D.15
D.12.4
F.1.6
F.3.1
D.12.
4
D.11
D.10
F.3.3
F.3.15
F.3.5
F.8.4a
F.11.1
F.15
F.15.4
F.11.1
GENERAL RULES FOR
MEASUREMENT OF
REINFORCEMENT
MEASUREMENT OF
REINFORCEMENT
(MAIN BAR & LINKS)
F.8.1 Stated :
Type, quality and diameter of steel
Section of bar if other than plain circular
F.8.2 Bar reinforcement shall be measured in
meter (converted to KG)
F.8.4a for foundation, column, pier bases,
As a:
base foundation
before receiving
concrete bed
Filling up to make up
level
D.26:
Thickness exceeding
250mm, measured in
m3
Thick n.e 250mm
measured in m2
(stated the thickness)
GENERAL RULES FOR MEASUREMENT
OF DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE (DPM)
K.1.1a
K.2.3:
M2 if covering > 300m
M if covering < 300m
(stating stages of 150mm)
Shall stated classification:
Flat covering or slope n.e 10
Slope > 10 n.e 45 from
horizontal
Slope > 45 from horizontal
and vertical coverings
K.2.1, stated:
Kind & quality of material
Thickness & number of coats
& layer
Nature of base
Surface treatment
F.3.5
F.8.4a
F.11.1
F.15
F.15.4
F.11.1
F.8.4a
D.26
D.23.1
K.2.3
F.3.1
F.3.8
F.8.4a
F.1.6
F.8.5
BILL OF QUANTITIES
(EXCAVATION & EARTHWORK)
BILL OF
QUANTITIES
(CONCRETE
WORKS)
BILL OF QUANTITIES
(CONCRETE WORKS)
BILL OF QUANTITIES
(CONCRETE WORKS)
BILL OF QUANTITIES
(FINAL SUMMARY)
ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
In a group of 4
Write a detail report on:
The Application of Information Technology in
Estimation
Topics to cover:
History/Origin
Features of the software
Advantages/Disadvantages
Comparison between using Manual & Software
Estimation in term of:
Time
Quality
Cost
SUBMIT HARD & SOFTCOPY ON (3rd
January 2013, THURSDAY)
INTRODUCTION OF
ESTIMATING
INTRODUCTION OF ESTIMATING
I WANT TO
What is an estimate? BUILD A
BUNGALOW
FOR A BUNGALOW
IT WILL COST
AN AROUND RM 2MIL
ACTIVITIES
THAT
ENABLES TO
OFFERS
TO
PRODUCE
AN OUTPUT
WITH A SUM
OF MONEY
IN A RETURN
FUNCTIONS & IMPORTANCE OF
ESTIMATING
Seeley (1996)
To produce a cost forecast for a project without a
detail design.
For clients to be more aware on financial impacts
and liabilities.
Materials
Labour
Plant
SCENARIOS OF
ESTIMATION
SCENARIO OPTIONS OF ACTION
Actual Downgrades the variables on factors of
Budget > estimation
Estimate Ask for a addition funds
Stop/postpone the project
Detail Stage
Approximate Quantity Method
UNIT METHOD
Also known as Cost According to Building
Function
Related with the occupancy
Advantages:
Easiest & Fastest method
Can be done without any single drawing
Disadvantages:
Too gross (not accurate)
Only can be used for:
a standard design
related to occupancy building
UNIT METHOD
(CALCULATION)
Multiplying the amount of occupancy with
the unit price/occupancy.
Estimation of a School Building:
Occupancy = 1000 students
Unit price/occupancy = RM 1,500/students
Therefore, total estimate for a School Building is:
= Total occupancy x Unit price/occupancy
= 1000 students x RM 1,500
= RM 1,500,000.00
VOLUME METHOD
Use widely back in the 90s
Usually used for estimating building
services components
Advantages:
Fast
Disadvantages:
Too gross
Cant help architect much in designing
Difficult to get the similar past data cost
VOLUME METHOD
(CALCULATION)
Multiplying the volume (m3) of building with
the unit price/volume (m3)
VOLUME METHOD
(CALCULATION)
Estimation of a School Building:
Volume of Building = Length x Width x Height
= 20m x 10m x (1.00m+3.50m+3.50m+0.60m)
= 1720m3
Unit price/m3 = RM 550/m3
Therefore, total estimate for a School Building is:
= Volume (m3) x Unit price/volume (m3)
= 1750m3 x RM550/m3
= RM 946,000.00
GROSS FLOOR AREA (GFA)
METHOD
The most popular in Malaysia
Plenty of cost data in the industries
Advantages:
Unit price is
based on
CURRENT
RATES
Need to allow
some % for
unmeasured
items
APPROXIMATE QUANTITY
METHOD (CALCULATION)
APPROXIMATE QUANTITY
METHOD (CALCULATION)
APPROXIMATE QUANTITY
METHOD (CALCULATION)
SUMMARY
METHOD PHASE KEY NOTES UNIT
OF PROJECT
Unit Preliminaries Occupancy Cost/occupancy
Feasibility Study To plan Project Cost/student
Ceiling Cost/bed
History/Origin
Features of the software
Advantages/Disadvantages
Comparison between using Manual & Software
Estimation in term of:
Time
Quality
Cost
SUBMIT THE REPORT ON THE NEXT CLASS
(23RD APRIL 2012)
CONTRACT
INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF
CONTRACT
An agreement enforceable under law. The
agreement legally binding between two parties
or more, provided that certain conditions are
observed (Contract Act, 1976)
Types of contract:
Simple contract
Special contract
SIMPLE CONTRACT
A contract will exist when:
ACCEPTANCE
SIMPLE CONTRACT
Back in 90s, most of the construction law is a
simple contract
SUPPORTED BY
OFFER CONSIDERATION
ACCEPTANCE
SPECIAL CONTRACT
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OF THE LAW OF
CONTRACT
ELEMENT OF CONTRACT
INTENT - Both parties wish to make the contract
and ready to face the consequence if the contract
breach
FREE WILL All agreement & discussion is made on
capable to be in a contract
LEGAL all the contract need to follow common
law
SPECIFIC all information in the contract need to
In forms of:
Thing/goods
Service/performance of work
Payment
CONTRACTOR
SERVICE
COUNTER OFFER
Contractor ask Contractor ask
quotation from quotation from
supplier supplier
supplier give
supplier give
quotation to contractor
Quotation to contractor
Express
Implied
EXPRESS TERMS
Contract sometimes have been reduced from
pure sentences to any kind of forms.
Anything that expressly stated & incorporated in
the contract.
Examples:
Appendix
Drawings
Schedules
Specifications
Bills of Quantity
Davis Contractors v Fareham, 1956
IMPLIED TERMS
Not expressly stated (in writing or verbally) at the time
the contract is made but are implied in law
Examples:
The client will give possession of the site and will supply all
necessary details within reasonable time. He will not obstruct
the contractor works and will pay reasonable sum for the
progress of works
NO. 2
NO. 1
NO. 3
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONS
CONTRACT
EMPLOYERS INVOLMENT IN
CONSTRUCTIONS
Management
DESIGN & MANAGEMENT
SEPARATION
Designing & Managing a project is two different
activities
Employers may have various preferences:
Package Deal
FLEXIBILITY OF CHANGE
Reasons of changing:
Change in user requirements, rethinks
Revision / refinement of design due to incomplete
information,discripencies, unclarities
Changes due to external factors
Flexible in change Construction Management
Inflexible in change Package Deal
CLARITY OF EMPLOYER
CONTRACTUAL REMEDIES
responsibilities
PROJECT COMPLEXITY
Types of complexity:
Technical
Functional
Organizational
Activities/Processes
Simple Moderately complex = Package Deal
Mid range complexity = Traditional Contractual
Complexity = Constructions Management
DURATION OF CONTRACT
Being primary criteria influencing the
procurement decision
Fast = Construction Management
Slow = Traditional Contractual
CERTAINTY OF PRICE
As a confirmation of total financial
outlay/commitment required
Why it is important to client:
Sum)
MANAGEMENT
CONTRACTING
MANAGEMENT CONTRACTING
Originated in the west as the 1920s
Enter Malaysia around 80s
a form of contractual arrangement whereby a
build
The management contractor undertakes:
Topics to cover:
Get a case study on the type of construction contract
How they decide & what are the criteria they look into
Why they used that type
Advantages & Disadvantages
Challenges, Solutions and Recommendations
Contractor A
(Offering)
Contractor B
(Offering)
Contractor C
Client (Selecting
(Offering) & Accepting)
TENDERING
tenderers
Invitation to treat is used to invite the tenderer
Invitation can be:
is practiced
Widely spread as an aspects of human activity
Fundamental elements:
No competition
Final outcome through mutual consent / agreement
NEGOTIATIONS
NEGOTIATIONS
TENDER
DOCUMENTATION
DISPUTE RESOLUTION
METHOD
WHAT IS A DISPUTE?
Disputes arises when one party makes a claim against
the otherand the other party denies liability either
expressly or by conduct
Involve:
Oral argument
Discovery documents or evidences
Examination of witness & evidence
Disadvantages:
Very public, expensive, time consuming and complicated
Not suitable for technical issues
Lawyers is necessary
Parties have no control over the proceedings
Could ruin business relations between parties
Risk that a party may lose the case
Limited international enforceability of judgments
ARBITRATION
ARBITRATION
where parties in dispute agree to settled by a neutral person, arbitrator (3 rd party) and
bound by that decision
Each side will forward their agruementarbitrator need to find fact & apply the law &
grant to both parties
Decision of arbitrator expressed as an award & will bind both parties. If necessary, it
may be enforced by court.
Usage:
Subject matter of dispute is highly technical
Whether insurance company is liable in full or apart
Receiving a binding opinion is relevant
Where parties wish to avoid negotiations
Where a matter involves the quantification of dispute
Have to:
Find facts
Taking account only argument forward by parties
Apply law & makes decision
Content of award:
Who is successful party
Amount of damages that have been awarded
PAYMENT
IMPORTANCE OF PAYMENT
INTRODUCTION
It is clients main obligations to pay the
contractor in consideration of the execution
& completion of the works by contractor
NSC entitled:
20% of builders OR
RM5,000,000 max
Work done
Material on site
Interim Payment
< 14 days
< 30 days
CONTRACTORS CLAIMS
Even if the contractor doesnt make any claims that month,
client still need to make a valuation
Client can reject the claims due to insufficient info and ask
to resubmit
VALUATION
The evaluation need to be carried out once a
month to evaluate:
Progress work done
Material on site
Method of payments:
Lump Sum
Percentage work done
Pro-rate
METHOD OF PAYMENT
MATERIAL ON SITE
Contractor entitled to payment for all unfixed material
delivered to site but not yet incorporated in the work
< 30 days
THE EFFECTS
As a evident that the works have been
properly carried out and completed