CHEMICALBONDS

Atomsorionsareheldtogetherinmoleculesor
compoundsbychemicalbonds.
Thetypeandnumberofelectronsintheouter
electronicshellsofatomsorionsareinstrumental
inhowatomsreactwitheachothertoformstable
chemicalbonds.
Overthelast150yearsscientistsdeveloped
severaltheoriestoexplainwhyandhowelements
combinewitheachother.
 BondinginChemistry
Centralthemeinchemistry:WhyandHowatoms
attachtogether
Thiswillhelpusunderstandhowto:
1. Predicttheshapesofmolecules.
2. Predictpropertiesofsubstances.
3. Designandbuildmoleculeswithparticularsetsof
chemicalandphysicalproperties.
 CHEMICALBONDS
Twoofthemostcommonsubstanceonour
diningtablearesaltandgranulatedsugar

NaCl C12H22O11

Thepropertiesofsubstancesaredeterminedinlargepart
bythechemicalbondsthatholdtheiratomstogether
 ChemicalBonds
Allchemicalreactionsinvolvebreakingofsome
bondsandformationofnewoneswhichyield
newproductswithdifferentproperties.

 BondingTheories
LewisbondTheory
ValenceBondTheory
MolecularOrbitalTheory

Gilbert Newton Lewis

 LewisBondingTheory
AtomsONLYcometogethertoproduceamore
stableelectronconfiguration.
Atomsbondtogetherbyeithertransferringor
sharingelectrons.
Manyofatomsliketohave8electronsintheir
outershell.
Octetrule.
Therearesomeexceptionstothisrulethekeyto
rememberistotrytogetanelectronconfigurationlike
anoblegas.LiandBetrytoachievetheHeelectron
arrangement.
 LewisSymbolsofAtoms
Usessymbolofelementtorepresentnucleusand
innerelectrons.
Usesdotsaroundthesymboltorepresentvalence
electrons.
Putsoneelectrononeachsidefirst,thenpair.
Rememberthatelementsinthesamegroup
havethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons;
therefore,theirLewisdotsymbolswilllook
alike.

Li Be B C N O: :F: :Ne:

Valenceelectrons
 PracticetowritetheLewissymbol
forArsenic
Asisingroup15(5),thereforeithas5
valenceelectrons.

As

 UsingLewisTheorytoPredictChemical
FormulasCompounds
Predict the formula of the compound that forms between
calcium and chlorine.
Cl

Draw the Lewis dot symbols Ca

of the elements.

Transfer all the valance electrons
Cl Cl

Ca
from the metal to the nonmetal,
adding more of each atom as you
go, until all electrons are lost Ca2+
from the metal atoms and all
nonmetal atoms have 8 electrons.
CaCl2
ExamplesforLewisrepresentation
ofsomechemicalbonds

F F H O H

O O

H O H O

F F

O
F F O O
Example: Information:
WritetheLewisstructureof Given:CO2
CO2. Find: Lewisstructure
SolutionMap:formulaskeletal
electrondistributionLewis

Totalnumberofvalenceelectrons=6+4+6=16
Actually24electronsneededforcompletingtheoctetofeachatom
Thus2416=8electronsareshared.
Sincetwoelectronsmakeabond,themoleculeshouldhave4
bonds.
Theremaining8electronsarelonepairelectrons.

.. ..
OCO
.. ..
 PracticeDrawLewisResonance
StructuresforCNO
(CIsCentralwithNandOAttached)

C=4
N=5
O=6
N N C O
(-) = 1 C O

Total = 16 e-
 ExampleNO3
-
1. Writeskeletalstructure.
Niscentralbecauseitisthe
mostmetallic.

2. Countvalenceelectrons. N=5
O3 = 3 x 6 = 18
(-) = 1
Total = 24 e-
TYPESOFCHEMICALBONDS
Ionicbonds

Covalentbonds

Metallicbonds
Thethreepossible
typesofbonds.
Ioniccompoundsconsistofacationandananion
theformulaisalwaysthesameastheempiricalformula
thesumofthechargesonthecationandanionineachformula
unitmustequalzero.Lewisbondingtheoryisabletoexplain
ionicbondsverywell.

TheioniccompoundNaCl
 Ionicbonding

Ionic substances are formed when an atom

that loses electrons relatively easily react
with an atom that has a high affinity for
electrons.
ex. metal-nonmetal compound
 ChemicalBonds
Ionicbondsareformedbytheattractionof
oppositelychargedions.
 IonicBonds
Metaltononmetal.
Metalloseselectronstoformcation.
Nonmetalgainselectronstoformanion.
Theelectronegativitybetweenthemetalandthe
nonmetalmustbe>than2.
Ionicbondresultsfrom+toattraction.
Largercharge=strongerattraction.
Smallerion=strongerattraction.
Lewistheoryallowsustopredictthecorrect
formulasofioniccompounds.
Ionsthatpackasspheresinaveryregular
patternformcrystallinesubstances.
 FormationofanIonicSolid
1. Sublimationofthesolidmetal
M(s)M(g)[endothermic]
2.Ionizationofthemetalatoms
M(g)M+(g)+e[endothermic]
3.Dissociationofthenonmetal
1/2X2(g)X(g)[endothermic]
 Electron affinity
Dissociation of F2 of F

Ionization of Li

Formation
of solid
Sublimation of Li
 LatticeEnergyCalculations
Q1Q2
Lattice Energy k ( )
r

k: a proportionality constant that depends

on the structure of the solid and the
electron configuration of the ions
Q1 and Q2: charges on the ions
r: the shortest distance between the centers
of cations and anions
 More Gains and Losses

Can elements lose

or gain more than
one electron?

The element magnesium, Mg, in Group 2

can lose two electron and element oxygen
in Group 6 can gain two electrons to form
stable Nobel gas configurations. The ions
can come together to form a crystal
structure.
Relativesizesofsomeionsand
theirparentatoms.
 Structureofioniccrystals

Differenttypes
ofcrystalsare
formed
dependingon
theionicradii
andthecharge
oftheions
involved.
 Howaboutthebondsbetween
atomsthathavethesame
electronegativity(asinHH
molecule)orwhenthe
electonegativutydifferenceis<
1.0(asinCH)?
 Convalent BondsSharing
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain
electrons because the number of electrons
in their outer levels makes this difficult.
Consider the Lewis dot structure of carbon

.
C
. .. C+4+4e
The alternative is sharing electrons.
 CovalentBonds
Oftenfoundbetweentwononmetals.
Typicalofmolecularspecies.
Atomsbondedtogethertoformmolecules.
Strongattraction.
Atomssharepairsofelectronstoattainoctets.
Moleculesgenerallyweaklyattractedtoeach
other.
Observedphysicalpropertiesofmolecularsubstance
duetotheseattractions.
 CovalentBonding
Electron are shared by nuclei
 The Convalent Bond
Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei
of both atoms.
They move back and forth between the
outer energy levels of each atom in the
covalent bond.
So, each atom has a stable outer energy
level some of the time.
Theformationofabondbetween
twoatoms.
AnelectrondensityplotfortheH2
moleculeshowsthatthesharedelectrons
occupyavolumeequallydistributedover
BOTHHydrogenatoms.

ElectronDensityfortheH2molecule
 ChemicalBonds
Covalentbondsformwhenatomsshare2or
morevalenceelectrons.

Covalentbondstrengthdependsonthe
numberofelectronpairssharedbythe
atoms.
single < double < triple
bond bond bond
 Examples of Convalent Bond
The neutral particle is formed when atoms
share electrons is called a molecule
 SingleCovalentBonds
Two atoms share one pair of electrons.
2 electrons.
One atom may have more than one single bond.

F F H O H

F F H

O H

F F
 DoubleCovalentBond
Twoatomssharingtwopairsofelectrons.
4electrons.
Shorterandstrongerthansinglebond.

O O

O

O
O O
ChemicalBonds
 BondPolarity
Bondingbetweenunlikeatomsresultsinunequal
sharingoftheelectrons.
Oneatompullstheelectronsinthebondclosertoits
side.
Oneendofthebondhaslargerelectrondensitythanthe
other.
Theresultisbondpolarity.
Theendwiththelargerelectrondensitygetsapartial
negativechargeandtheendthatiselectrondeficient
getsapartialpositivecharge.
H Cl
Nonpolarandpolarcovalentbonds
Probabilityrepresentationsofthe
electronsharinginHF.
Trendsinelectronegativityacross
aperiodanddownagroup
Natureofbondsandelectronegativity

Electronegativity Bond
difference()
>2 Ionic
0.4<<2 Polarcovalent
<0.4 Covalent
In practice no bond is totally ionic. There will
always be a small amount of electron sharing.
Percentioniccharacterofchemicalbondsasa
functionofelectronegativitydifference
 BondPolarityandDipole
Moments
Dipole Moment
=QR
Q: center of charge of
magnitude
R: distance
 DipoleMomentofHF

1D=3.33610-30 coulomb meter

=(1.610-19 C)(9.1710-11 m)=1.4710-29
=4.4 D for fully ionic
Measured dipole moment=1.83 D
1.833.33610-30=(9.1710-11)
=6.6610-20
Ionic character=1.83/4.4=41.6%
 BondPolarity
3.0-3.0 4.0-2.1 3.0-0.9
= 0.0 = 1.9 = 2.1

Covalent Ionic
Pure Polar
0 0.4 2.0 4.0
Electronegativity difference
PolarMoleculesandElectricField
PolarizedelectronofHClbond
 MolecularGeometry
Moleculesarethreedimensionalobjects.
Weoftendescribetheshapeofamolecule
withtermsthatrelatetogeometricfigures.
Thesegeometricfigureshavecharacteristic
cornersthatindicatethepositionsofthe
surroundingatomswiththecentralatomin
thecenterofthefigure.
Thegeometricfiguresalsohavecharacteristic
anglesthatwecallbondangles.
 ValenceShellElectronPair
Repulsion(VSEPRModel)
It is used to predict the geometries of molecules
formed from nonmetals.
Postulate: the structure around a given atom is
determined principally by minimizing electron pair
repulsion.
The bonding and nonbonding pairs should be
positioned as far apart as possible.
 PredictingaVSEPRStructure
Draw Lewis structure.
Put pairs as far apart as possible.
Determine positions of atoms from the
way electron pairs are shared.
Determine the name of molecular
structure from positions of the atoms.
For non-metals compounds, four pairs of
electrons around a given atom prefer prior
to form a tetrahedral geometry to minimize
the electron repulsions.
 Draw the Lewis structure
Count the pairs of electrons and arrange them
to minimize repulsions
Determine the positions of the atoms
Name the molecular structure
 Lone pairs require more space than
bonding pair.
The bonding pairs are increasingly
squeezed together as the number of lone
pairs increases.
 The bonding pair is shared between two nuclei;
and the electrons can be close to either nucleus.
A lone pair is localized on only one nucleus, so
both electrons are close to that nucleus only.
MolecularGeometries
MolecularGeometries
 ElectronPairs

Practicedrawingtheseshapesbelow

LinearTPTetraTBPOcta
COMPOUNDisanaggregateoftwoormoreatomsina
definitearrangementheldtogetherbychemicalbonds

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

Adiatomicmoleculecontainsonlytwoatoms
H2,N2,O2,Br2,HCl,CO

Apolymoleculecontainsmorethantwoatoms
O3,H2O,NH3,CH4
 PolarityofMolecules
Inorderforamoleculetobepolaritmust:
1. Havepolarbonds.
Electronegativitydifferencetheory.
Bonddipolemomentsmeasured.
2. Haveanunsymmetricalshape.
Vectoraddition.
Polarityeffectstheintermolecularforces
ofattraction.
 MoleculePolarity

The OC bond is polar. The bonding

electrons are pulled equally toward both O
ends of the molecule. The net result is a
nonpolar molecule.
 MoleculePolarity

The HO bond is polar. Both sets

of bonding electrons are pulled
toward the O end of the molecule.
The net result is a polar molecule.
Watermoleculebehavesasifit
hadapositiveandnegativeend.
TheCovalentChemicalBond
 BondEnergies

Bondbreakingrequiresenergy(endothermic).

Bondformationreleasesenergy(exothermic).

DH=SD(bondsbroken)SD(bondsformed)

energy required energy released

BondEnergies
 CovalentBondEnergiesand
ChemicalReactions
H2+F22HF
H=D (bonds broken)-D (bonds formed)
H=DH-H+DF-F-2DH-F=1432+1154-2565
=-544 kJ
 BondEnergyofCH4

Experimentalresult:1652kJ/mol
C(g)+4H(g)CH4(g)+1652kJ/mol
AnaverageCHbondenergypermole
ofCHbond:1652/4=413(kJ/mol)
 MetallicBonding
Themodelofmetallicbonding
canbeusedtoexplainthe
propertiesofmetals.
Theluster,malleability,ductility,
andelectricalandthermal
conductivityareallrelatedtothe
mobilityoftheelectronsinthe
solid.
Thestrengthofthemetallicbond
varies,dependingonthecharge
andsizeofthecations,sothe
meltingpointsandDHfusionof
metalsvaryaswell.
IONICCOMPOUNDSvsMETALS
BREAKINGINORGANICMATERIAL
SLIPPLANES
ALLOYvsPUREMETAL