Solarphotovoltaic Thermalpvttechnologyanddevelopment 150411040418 Conversion Gate01

7th Asian School on Renewable Energy
Solar Photovoltaic-Thermal
(PV/T) Technology and
Development
Prof Dato Dr Mohd Yusof Hj Othman
FASc
Associate Principle Research Fellow/
Director, Institute of Islam Hadhari
Puri Pujangga
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
National University of Malaysia
16 June 2014
CONTENTS
Introduction; Why PV/T?

Current Research in PV/T Studies at SERI, UKM.
1. Double-pass PV/T air heater with Fins
2. Double-pass PV/T air heater with CPC & Fins
3. PV/T air heater with V-groove collector
4. PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
5. PV/T air heater with honey comb collector
6. PV/T water heater collector
7. PV/T combi collector
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater
Conclusion
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16 th-20th June 2014
INTRODUCTION
Why PV/T?
A combination of photovoltaic cell and solar
thermal collector, hence maximizing space
used.
Generate both electricity and heat
simultaneously.
More efficient solar collector.
Solar water heater Solar air heater Solar electricity

Rational of PV/T
PV technology is well established

and accepted; high efficiency and
high stability; widely used in
isolated locations, stand alone,
integrated, grid-connected.
Solar thermal is also well
established and accepted; high
efficiency and high stability; widely
used in hot water and hot air
systems in domestic, space
heating, industrial process heat,
agriculture etc.
Comparisons: Thermal and PV
Solar Thermal Photovoltaic

Harnessing solar energy Convert solar energy to
for thermal applications electricity.
domestics, industries, Absorb 80% of incident
hotels, hospitals, leisure, solar radiation but
etc. convert only small
Use thermal energy for portion to electricity.
space heating, fluid and Release excess heat
generate electricity. during the operation.
Has been accepted
worldwide as solar
thermal power.

Why PV/T?
Increased PV module efficiency by decreasing

temperature.
About 0.4%-0.5% decrease in efficiency for every 1oC
increase in PV temperature.
Efficiency rate for generating electricity will increase
by 10%-15%.
Cooling effect will ensure PV operate at rated
electrical output and prevent damage by
overheating.
Replace the traditional heating fuel in the
building.
Can deliver additional 200%-300% more heat energy
from conventional PV system.

Why PV/T?
Reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.

Reduction in COx, NOx, & SOx because PV/T
contributes to displacing fossil fuel.
Maximize usable roof space
The installation produces more energy per unit
surface area compared to PV and Thermal systems
installed separately.
Replacing the roofing material with PV/T
system reduces the payback period.
PV/T systems has a total operating efficiency
above 50%
PV/T systems is proven to be feasible and cost
effective
Therefore, why not use PV/T collector that
Basic Idea of PV/T Efficiencies (?)
Area of Collector = Area of thermal Area of Collector = Area of thermal

collector (At) + Area of PV panel (Apv) collector (At) +Area of PV panel (Apv)
Efficiency = ( thermal eff (t) + PV eff Efficiency = thermal eff (t) + PV eff
(pv))2
(pv)
Thermal Efficiency = 60 % Thermal Efficiency = 50 %
Photovoltaic Efficiency = 10 % Photovoltaic Efficiency = 5 %
Combined Photovoltaic Thermal Combined Photovoltaic Thermal
Efficiency = 35 %
Efficiency = 55 %

Air based PV/T system
Air Inlet
PV/T Drying
Principle scheme chamber/
Collector
of air based space heating
PV/T system:
Auxiliary
PV/T module, Heater
drying chamber,
blower, auxiliary
heater, controller Blower On/off
Controller
Liquid based PV/T system
Principle scheme of liquid based PV/T system:

PV/T module, storage and auxiliary heater

Schematic Diagrams of PV/T
Hybrid collector (Water & Air)

Research Study in Photovoltaic
Thermal (PV/T) Collector at SERI, UKM

1. Double-pass PV/T air heater with
Fins

Glass cover
Glass
The collector has three PV cell cover
PV cell
essential components: a
glazing on the top, a plate
containing numerous PV
cells and a bottom plate. Air in
The air enters through the
channel formed by the
Fin
glass cover and the PV Fin
plate and then through the Air out
lower channel. The fins on

the back of the PV panel Absorber
Absorber plate
increase the heat transfer to plate
Insulator
the air.
PV Cell
Absorber
Plate
Fins
Experimental set-up in laboratory
Solar cells
Gauge Air
screen air straightener Glass
mixer Flexible cover
Air Air
hose
heater heater
Blower (2 kW) (2 kW)
Insulator
Blower Termocouples I-V

Speed
control Flowmeter
Anemometer Data logger
SI/O
Pyranometer
Humidity sensor
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
Experimental set-up to test PV/T collector
Performance of the double-pass PV/T collector with fins
Variation of current (I) and power (P) Efficiencies of the collector at solar
against voltage (V) at mass flow rate of irradiance of 600 W/m2 and Tf1 = 35 oC
0.027 kg/s.

2. Double-pass PV/T air heater with
CPC & Fins

Inlet air
Basically, the design has similar
Glass cover
concept with the previous one, Solar cell
except it has Compound Parabolic

Concentrators (CPC) attached to it.
Air enters through the upper channel
formed by the glass cover and the
PV cells, and is heated directly by
the sun. Next, it exits through the CPC
lower channel formed by the back

plate and the PV cells. The CPC
concentrates solar radiation onto the Fin
PV cells. The fins on the back of the Insulator
Outlet air
PV panel increase the heat transfer
to the air.
PV/T-CPC Collector under construction
PV/T-CPC Collector under construction
CPC
Solar cells
Fins
Performance of Finned Double-pass PV/T CPC
collector
0.7 6
0.6
5
0.5
4
0.4 P (W)
I (A) 3
0.3
2
0.2
1 Fins
0.1
CPC & fins
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20
V(Volt)
The electrical properties of the PV/T at 400 Wm-2 and mass flow rate at 0.069 kg/s

3. PV/T air heater with CPC collector
100
90
80
70
Efficiency (%) Thermal efficiency
60
The effect of mass flow Electrical efficiency
50
rate on efficiencies at Combined efficiency
40
solar radiation of 600
Wm-2 of PV/T collector 30
with CPC and Fins 20
10
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
mass flow rate (kg/s)
PV/T- CPC collector on the
roof top
PVT collector
Drying cabinet
DC fans
Drying of noodle using PV/T
dryer
3. PV/T air heater with V-groove
collector

Based on the previous two PV cell

designs, the electrical
efficiency of the collector
reduced by nearly 50% since
the PV module is covered by
glass plate. Electrical energy is
considered as high quality
source of energy, and reducing
its value defeats the purpose of V-groove
Insulator
having good quality of PV
module
The I-V curve at 0.006958 kg/s
P-V at 0.006958 kg/s
Graf P lawan V pada 0.069581 kg/s

4. PV/T air heater with
rectangular tunnel collector

4. PV/T Air Heater with Rectangular Tunnels
Hot Air
Out
Solar Panel
Cold Air In Insulator
INNOVATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR

FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BOTH
HOT WATER AND ELECTRICITY
4. Front View and Back View of Tunnels design
4 PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
The structure and the PV/T

module used in this design
are similar with the design
in the previous collector,
except that the V-Groove is
replaced with rectangular
tunnel made of aluminum.
4 PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
The I-V and P-V curves for the PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
5. PV/T air heater with honey
comb collector

Honeycomb Photovoltaic module

heat
exchanger
Aluminum Heat
sheet Insulator

6. PV/T Water Collector
In this experiment,
sensitivity study of the
system has been
performed and proved that
by combining the systems,
the installation area
produce more electrical
and thermal energy per
unit surface area than one
PV panel and one hot
water system (thermal Construction of flat box Al-alloy
collector). absorber plate for hybrid PV/T water
heater system

PV/T water heater collector

PV/T Water Collector
a) Direct Flow Design,

b) Serpentine Flow
Design,
c) Parallel-Serpentine
Flow Design,
d) Modified Serpentine-
parallel Flow Design,
e) Oscillatory Flow
Design,
f) Spiral Flow Design,
g) Web Flow Design,

Efficiency of dual function solar collectors
No
Collector absorbers PV thermal PVT
design
1 Tunnel design 9.6 45.1 54.7
2 Spiral Flow Design 11.4 52.2 63.6
Ambient temperature = 24 26 C and Solar Radiation = 700 800 W/m 2 (Typical clear day)
Efficiency of dual function solar collectors
No
Collector absorbers PV thermal PVT
design
1 He et al. [1], Taiwan R.O.C 9.87 40 49.87
2 Huang et al. [2], China 9.0 38 47
3 Chow et al. [3], Hong Kong 11.0 51 62
4 Ji et al. [4], China 10.15 45 55.15
5 Adnan Ibrahim et al[5] 11.4 52.2 63.6
Ambient temperature = 24 26 C and Solar Radiation = 700 800 W/m 2 (Typical clear day)
6. PV/T water heater with spiral flow designed collector
Solar Panel
Hot
Water
Insulator Out
Cold Water In
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Dual Function Solar Grid

Collectors connected
Converter/
A Inverter
Thermal Storage Load

Tank
Thermal DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

Storage
Anemometer
Pyranometer
Humidity
Auxiliary sensor
Heater Thermocouple
s
DC Current
transducer
DC Voltage Data Logger 24ch
transducer
Flowmeter
Thermostat
I-V
NOVELTY :
INTEGRATED AS
ROOFING
MATERIAL
PV/T water heater for low
energy building at SERI,
UKM
INNOVATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF BOTH HOT WATER AND
ELECTRICITY
INNOVATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR
THE PRODUCTION OF BOTH HOT
WATER AND ELECTRICITY

7. PV/T combi (combination of
liquid and air) collector

7. PV/T Combi (combination of liquid & air)
collector
Glass
Adhesive PV Panel PV Panel
Air
Water
Heat conductor
Insulator
Sheet-and-tube PV/T-collectors. Channel PV/T-collectors.

(Zondag et al, 2003). (Zondag et al, 2003).
7. PV/T Combi (combination of liquid & air)
Glass
Transparent Water
Water PV panel
Water
Adhesive
Adsorber
Insulator
Free flow PV/T-collectors. Two-absorber PV/T-collectors.

(Zondag et al, 2003). (Zondag et al, 2003).

7. PV/T Combi: Mode air and water
Insulator
Air Water Mode a
Alternative PV/T/dual design

Insulator
Transparent modes, used to determine
PV Panel
Air the optimum arrangement of
Heat the water and the air heat
absorber
Water Mode b exchangers.
(Tripanagnostopoulos, 2007)
Insulator
Air Water
Mode c
Schematic Diagram of the PV/T collector
Transparent
PV cell
D1
Inlet air D2
Outlet air D4 D3
Absorber Insulation
Water plate
tube
Mussalim & Othman (2013)
Schematic diagram the PV/T combi
Outlet air
Transparent PV
cells Inlet air
Water out
Water in

Collector plate

Water tube on
top
Water tube on
bottom
Insulation

Double pass
air

The construction of the PV/T collector
Performance study of the PV/T collector

In this experiment,
Bifacial PV module has
been designed. The idea
is to use both sides of
the PV module to
improve the electricity
generation. The heat
produce can be used for
space heating or any The concept of bifacial solar cell as
other hot air compared to monofacial solar cell.
applications.

Monofacial solar module Bifacial solar module Bifacial solar module

(front face) (back face)
Indoor testing facilities Outdoor testing facilities

(under construction) (under construction)
Bifacial PV/T in
operation at
Madrid Airport
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSIONS
We have presented 8 types of PV/T air & water heaters namely,
4. PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
7. PV/T combi (combination of air and liquid) collector
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater.
Each of the collector has it own specifications that may be fit in
one of our applications.
Hybrid photovoltaic collectors have great advantages: higher
photovoltaic cell efficiency, higher total efficiency (both the
thermal and the electrical combined), lower produced energy
costs due to a better use of the energy conversion process
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to record our appreciation to

UKM and the Government of Malaysia for
the financial support of this project (03-01-
02-SF0039; PRGS/1/11/TK/UKM/01/12;
FRGS/1/2011/TK/UKM/02/35; ETP-2013-
011)
THANK YOU
TERIMA
KASIH
WASSALAM
Tel: 03-89216988
Faks: 03-89216990
myho@ukm.edu.my

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7th Asian School on Renewable Energy

Introduction; Why PV/T?

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Solar water heater Solar air heater Solar electricity

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

PV technology is well established

Solar Thermal Photovoltaic

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Increased PV module efficiency by decreasing

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.

Area of Collector = Area of thermal Area of Collector = Area of thermal

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Principle scheme of liquid based PV/T system:

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Hybrid collector (Water & Air)

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

plate and then through the Air out

lower channel. The fins on

Blower Termocouples I-V

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

except it has Compound Parabolic

lower channel formed by the back

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

with CPC and Fins 20

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Based on the previous two PV cell

The I-V curve at 0.006958 kg/s

P-V at 0.006958 kg/s

Graf P lawan V pada 0.069581 kg/s

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Cold Air In Insulator

INNOVATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR

The structure and the PV/T

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Honeycomb Photovoltaic module

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

a) Direct Flow Design,

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

2 Spiral Flow Design 11.4 52.2 63.6

2 Huang et al. [2], China 9.0 38 47

3 Chow et al. [3], Hong Kong 11.0 51 62

4 Ji et al. [4], China 10.15 45 55.15

5 Adnan Ibrahim et al[5] 11.4 52.2 63.6

Dual Function Solar Grid

Thermal Storage Load

Thermal DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Sheet-and-tube PV/T-collectors. Channel PV/T-collectors.

Free flow PV/T-collectors. Two-absorber PV/T-collectors.

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Alternative PV/T/dual design

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Monofacial solar module Bifacial solar module Bifacial solar module

Indoor testing facilities Outdoor testing facilities

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman