Ballari Institute of Technology and management,

Ballari

Mr. Mohammed Javed Kalburgi B.E, MBA (Ph.D)

Asst Prof
DMS,BITM Ballari
 Is the pursuit of truth with help of study, observations,
comparison and experiment.

Objectives of Research
Research comprises

Defining and redefining the problems

Formulating the hypotheses or suggested solutions.
Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.
Making deductions and reading conclusions
And at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine
whether they fit the formulating hypotheses
 Desire to get research degree
Desire to face challenges in solving
the unsolved problems
Desire to get intellectual joy doing
some creative work
Desire to be of service to the society
Desire to get responsibility
 Descriptive Research:-Means description of the
state of affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only
reports only what has happened or what is happening
Applied Research:- Aims at finding solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an industry/
business organizations
Quantitative Research:-Based on the measurement
of quantity or amount. Applicable to phenomena that
can be expressed in terms of quantity.
Conceptual Research: - Related to some abstract
ideas or theory. Used by philosophers and thinkers to
develop new concepts or re-interpret existing ones.
 Empirical Research: - Relies on
experience or observations alone, often
without due regard for system and theory.
Qualitative Research: - Concerned with
qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon
relating to or involving quality or kind.
Fundamental Research: - Mainly
concerned with generalizations and with
the formulation of a theory.
Analytical Research: - Researcher has to
use facts on information already available
and analyze these to make a critical
evaluation of the material.
 Research Methods:- Refers to the
methods/ techniques researchers use in
performing research operations.
Research Methodology:- It may be
understood as a science of studying how
research is done scientifically. In it we
study the various steps that are
generally adopted by researcher in
studying his research problem along
with the logic behind them.
TYPE METHODS TECHNIQUES

Library Research (i)Analysis of historical records Recording of notes, Contents analysis, Tape and listening
(ii)Analysis of documents and analysis.
Statistical compilation and manipulations, references and
abstract guides, contents analysis.

2. Field Research (i) Non-participant direct observation
(ii) participant observation
(iii) Mass observation
(iv) Mail questionnaire
(v) Opinionnaire
(vi) Personal interview
(vii) Focused interview
(ix) Telephone survey
(x) Case study and life history
Observational behavioral scales, use of score cards,
etc.Interactional recording possible use of tape recorders,
photo graphic techniques.Recording mass behaviour,
interview using independent observers in public
placesIdentification of social and economic background of
respondentsUse of attitude scales, projective techniques,
use of sociometric scales.Interviewer uses a detailed
schedule with open and closed questionsInterviewer
focuses attention upon a given experience and its
effectsUsed as a survey technique for information and for
discerning opinion may also be used as a follow up of
questionnaireCross sectional collection of data for intensive
analysis, longitudinal collection of data of intensive
character

3. Laboratory Small groups study of random behavior, play Small groups study of random behavior, play and role
Research and role analysis analysis
Sample design is the heart of research work
Steps in Sample Design

Define the universe

Sampling unit
Source list or sampling frame
Size of sample
Sampling method or technique
Parameters of interest
Budgetary constraint
Select the sample
 Samples may be grouped into two
broad classes according to their
method of selection. Namely:

Random or Probability Sampling

Non- Random or Non-Probability
Sampling.
Major random or probability samples are
Simple random sample
Systematic sample
Stratified random sample
Multi-stage random sample
Cluster sample or area sample
Sequential sample or sample in
installments
Replicated or interpenetrating sample
 Major Non-random or Non-probability
samples are:-

Purposive sample
Quota sample
Convenience sample
 While deciding about the method of
data collection to be used for the
study, the researcher should keep in
mind two types. i.e.

Primary Data
Secondary Data
 There are several methods of collecting
primary data. These are:-

Questionnaires
Observations
Interviews
Schedules
 Secondary data means data that is already available i.e. it
may be either published or unpublished.
Published data are available in:-

Various publications of the central, state or local

governments
Various publications by foreign governments or
international bodies and their subsidiary organizations
Technical and trade journals
Books, magazines and newspapers
Reports and publications of various organizations connected
with business and industry, Banks, Stock exchanges etc.
Reports prepared by research scholars, universities,
economists etc in different fields
Public records and statistics, historical documents and other
sources of published information
 Sources of unpublished data are
many and they include:-

Diaries
Letters
Unpublished biographies and
autobiographies
Data available with research scholars
and research workers, trade
associations, labour bureaus and other
public/ private individuals and
organizations
 After collection of data it has to be
processed and analyzed.

Process of Analysis
Editing
Coding
Classification
Tabulation
 Descriptive analysis
Correlation analysis
Multivariate analysis
Under multivariate we have the following
analysis
Multiple regression analysis
Multiple discriminant analysis
Multivariate analysis of variance (or Multi-
ANOVA)
Canonical analysis

Inferential analysis
 Hypothesis means a mere assumption or some supposition
to be proved or disapproved

Characteristics of Hypothesis

It should be clear and precise

Should be capable of being tested
It should state the relationship between variables
It should be limited by scope and be specific
It should be stated as far as possible with most simple terms
so that the same is easily understandable by all concerned
It should be consisted with most known facts
It should be amenable to testing within a reasonable time
Must explain the facts that gave rise to the need for
explanation
 Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
Procedure of testing Hypothesis

Formulate a null or alternative Hypothesis

Choose the level of significance of the test
Choose the location of the critical region
Choose the appropriate test statistics
Compute from the sample observations for the
observed value of the chosen statistics using the
relevant formula
Compare the sample value of the chosen
statistics with the theoretical (table) value that
defines the critical region.
 Parametric Tests or Standard tests of
Hypothesis
The important parametric tests
are:-
Z- Test
T-Test
X- Test and
F- Test
A. One sample and Two sample tests
Binomial test
Chi- square test
McNemar test
B. K- sample tests ( K > 3)
Kruskal-Wallis test : H
Friedman test
Kendall`s coefficient of concordance: W
 Interpretation of data means the task
of drawing conclusions and of
explaining their significance after a
careful analysis of data
 Interpretation requires a great skill on the part of the researcher.
It is an art that one learns through practice and experience

The technique of interpretation often involves the following

steps:-

Researcher must give reasonable explanations of the

relations which he has found
Extraneous information, if collected during the study must be
considered while interpreting the final result
Its advisable before embarking upon final interpretation to
consult someone having insight into the study
Researchers must accomplish the task of interpretation only
after considering all relevant factors affecting the problem.
A. Preliminary pages
Title page
Certificate of supervisor
Table of contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
Listing of tables
Listing of figures
Abbreviations
B. Main text
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Findings
Limitations
Conclusion and recommendations
C. End matter
Appendix
Bibliography
Alphabetical order
books reports journals
name of author ,title ,place
publisher
volume ,page number
Glossary