Inductance

Self-Inductance
Consider a solenoid L, connect it to a battery
Area A, lengthl, N turns A
What happens as you close the switch?
Lenzs law loop resists change in magnetic field
Magnetic field is caused by the current l
Inductor resists change in current

0 NI 0 NIA
+
B B1
l l
dB d d 0 N 2 IA 0 N 2 A dI
L N B1
dt dt dt l l dt

dI 0 N 2 A
L L
dt l
 Inductors
An inductor in a circuit is denoted by this symbol: L
An inductor satisfies the formula: dI
L is the inductance L
Measured in Henrys (H) dt

Kirchoffs rules for Inductors: 1 H 1 V s/A

Assign currents to every path, as usual I
Kirchoffs first law is unchanged
The voltage change for an inductor is L (dI/dt) L
Negative if with the current +

Positive if against the current
In steady state (dI/dt = 0) an inductor is a wire
 Energy in Inductors
Is the battery doing work on the inductor?
dI
I V IL
dt L
Integral of power is work done on the inductor +
dI
U dt IL dt L IdI 12 LI 2 k
dt
It makes sense to say there is no energy in inductor with no current
U 12 LI 2 L 0 N 2 A l
Energy density inside a solenoid?
0 N 2 AI 2 U 0 N 2 I 2 0 NI
U u B
2l Al 2l 2 l
Just like with electric fields, we can associate the energy B2
u
with the magnetic fields, not the current carrying wires 2 0
 RL Circuits
An RL circuit has resistors and inductors
Suppose initial current I0 before you open the switch
What happens after you open the switch? L

R
Use Kirchoffs Law on loop

I
Integrate both sides of the equation

+
dI dI RI
0 L RI
dt dt L
dI R dI R
I
dt
L I L dt
I e Rt L Rt
ln I constant
L
L R

I I 0 e t
 RL Circuits (2)
Where did the energy in the inductor go?
I I 0 e t
How much power was fed to the resistor?
RI 2 RI 02e 2tR L L R
Integrate to get total energy dissipated

L Rt L 1 2
U R dt RI 2
0 e
2 Rt L
dt RI 2
0e 2 I0 L
0 0
2R 0

U L 12 LI 02
It went to the resistor
Powering up an inductor:
Similar calculation
R L
E
I 1 e t
R +

 Sample Problem
L R An inductor with inductance 4.0 mH is

L = 4.0 mH
discharging through a resistor of resistance R. If,
I I 0 e t in 1.2 ms, it dissipates half its energy, what is R? R

I
U 0 12 LI 02 U 12 LI 2 12 U 0 14 LI 02

I 2f 12 I 02 I 1 I
0.707 e t 0.707
I0 2 I0

t ln 0.707 0.347
t 1.2 103 s
0.00346 s
0.347 0.347
L .00400 H R 1.16
R
.00346 s
 Inductors in Series
L1 L2
For inductors in series, the
inductors have the same current
Their EMFs add
dI dI dI
L L1 L2 L1 L2 L1 L2
dt dt dt

Inductors in Parallel
For inductors in parallel, the dI1 L1
L1
inductors have the same EMF dt
but different currents dI 2
L2
dt L2
dI dI1 dI 2

dt dt dt L1 L2 L 1 1 1

L L1 L2
 Parallel and Series - Formulas
Capacitor Resistor Inductor

1 1 1
Series R R1 R2 L L1 L2
C C1 C2

1 1 1 1 1 1
Parallel C C1 C2
R R1 R2 L L1 L2

Fundamental Q dI
V V IR L L
Formula C dt
 Materials Inside Inductors
For capacitors, we gained significantly by putting materials inside
Can we gain any benefit by putting something in inductors?
It gives you something to wrap around

Can materials increase the inductance?

Most materials have negligible magnetic properties
A few materials, like iron are ferromagnetic
They can enhance inductance enormously
Many inductors (and similar devices, like
transformers) have iron cores
We will ignore this

Symbol for iron core inductor:

We wont make this distinction
 Mutual Inductance
Consider two solenoids sharing the same volume
What happens as you close the switch?
Current flows in one coil
But Lenzs Law wants mag. flux constant
Compensating current flows in other coil
Allows you to transfer power without circuits
being actually connected +
It works even better if source is AC from
generator I1 I2
 LC Circuits
Inductor (L) and Capacitor (C) Q0 C V C
Let the battery charge up the capacitor I
Now flip the switch C Q
+
Current flows from capacitor through inductor
Kirchoffs Loop law gives: Q dI
0 L L
Extra equation for capacitors: C dt
dQ dI d dQ
I Q CL CL
dt dt dt dt
Q : cos t
d 2Q

1
Q Q Q0 cos t
dt 2
CL Q : sin t
What function, when you take two deriva-
tives, gives the same things with a minus sign?
This problem is identical to harmonic
oscillator problem
 LC Circuits (2)
Q Q0 cos t d 2Q 1
Substitute it in, see if it works
2
Q
dQ dt CL
Q0 sin t 1
dt I
2

d Q CL
2
Q0 cos t
2
C Q
dt
1
Q0 cos t
2
Q0 cos t
CL L
Lets find the energy in the Q2 Q02
UC UC cos 2 t
capacitor and the inductor 2C 2C Q02
dQ UC U L
I Q0 sin t 2C
dt
U L 12 LI 2 12 LQ02 2 sin 2 t

Q02
UL sin 2 t Energy sloshes
2C back and forth
 Frequencies and Angular Frequencies
The quantity is called the angular frequency T 2
The period is the time T you have to wait for it to repeat 2 f
The frequency f is how many times per second it repeats f 1 T
1
Q Q0 cos t T
CL

WFDD broadcasts at 88.5 FM, that is, at a

frequency of 88.5 MHz. If they generate
this with an inductor with L = 1.00H,
what capacitance should they use?

2 f 2 88.5 10 s 6 1
5.56 108 s 1

1 1 C 3.23 pF
LC 1
2 C 2
L 5.56 108 s 1 2 106 H
 RLC Circuits
Resistor (R), Inductor (L), and Capacitor (C)
I
Let the battery charge up the capacitor
Now flip the switch + C Q
Current flows from capacitor through inductor
Kirchoffs Loop law gives: L
Q dI
Extra equation for capacitors: 0 L RI
C dt
dQ Q dQ d 2
Q R
I 0 R L 2
dt C dt dt

This equation is hard to solve, but not impossible

It is identical to damped, harmonic oscillator

Q Q0 e Rt 2 L
cos t 1 R2
2
LC 4 L