Chapter 2 Basics

(Probability, Parameters, and

Statistics)
Experimental Error
 need planning of the generation of data
The role of experimental design
Experimental RUN
resulting in experimental DATA
 Distributions

LOCATION of the observations

The
SPREAD of the observations
The
OUTLIERS ? mistakes in recording of data? Mistakes in
the conduct of the experimental run?
The Frequency Distribution (N=500)

Shows the LOCATION and

SPREAD
-76.4% (382/500) between 60 -
70
Population If N is very large
smooth curve
Random equal
chance
has the same chance to be
chosen
no preference
Sample Average

Population Mean
Statistics and Parameters
Parameter a quantity directly related to population

Statistics a quantity calculated from a set of data

Hypothesis of Random Sampling
Very important concept in statistics Often used for statistical
analysis for scientific experiment

Weather data not random (summer: hot, winter: cold)

cannot be represented by random drawing
AUTOCORRELATED DATA

A poll conducted on election night at the headquarter of one

political party will not represent the result of the election

A sample of apples taken only from the top of the barrel

misleading
Measures of LOCATION
and SPREAD
Measures of LOCATION and SPREAD
Population Variance

Standard Deviation
Measures of LOCATION and SPREAD
The Sample Variance

The Sample Standard Deviation

The Coefficient of Variation
In percentage [%] is called the PERCENTAGE OF
ERROR

CoV = 3%

The Sample CoV

Signal to noise ration

Residuals The n deviations of
observations from their sample
average

- - 0 1 2
2 1
The Normal Distribution
The Central Limit Effect
Appendix (p612)
Randomness and Random Variables
Exercises
Past record indicate that, on the average, 1 out of 40 of
these average box weights exceeds 8.4 ounces, and 1
out of 40 is less than 8.1 ounces.
Normal Probability
Plot
For Factorial Design
(Ch. 5)
VARIANCE

COVARIANCE
A Measure of Linear Dependence
Height(y1) and Weight (y2)
taller more weight : Positive CoV
shorter lighter : Positive CoV
Speed of Driver reaction (y1) and Alcohol Consumption
(y2)
more drink less Driver reaction : Negative CoV

CoV : Depend on the Scales, e.g. height [feet or inch]

A scaleless CoV Corelation
Coefficient
If yt = yt-k = rk = 1

e.g: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Normal Distribution (a review)
Students t-distribution
Table B1
Table B1 (Appendix) (p 613)

t= 1.33
Exercises