Todays Plan 4/15/16

Bellwork: Color Conjugation pics and read

article(15 mins)
Virus and Prokaryote Activities (45 mins)
View the 3 different bacterial shapes under
the microscope
Watch the flu video
Answer the questions on the prokaryote
activity
Virus notes (the rest of class)
Todays Plan: 4/18/16

Transformation lab (Most of class)

If you finish early or have down time,
continue with prokaryotes and virus
activities
Todays Plan: 4/19/16

Bellwork: Get ready for BLAST Lab (15

minutes
Media Center for Lab (the rest of class)
Overview: A Borrowed Life
Viruses called bacteriophages can infect and set
in motion a genetic takeover of bacteria, such as
Escherichia coli
Viruses lead a kind of borrowed life between life-
forms and chemicals
The origins of molecular biology lie in early studies
of viruses that infect bacteria

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 19.1

0.5 mm
Concept 19.1: A virus consists of a nucleic
acid surrounded by a protein coat
Viruses were detected indirectly long before they
were actually seen

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Discovery of Viruses: Scientific Inquiry
Tobacco mosaic disease stunts growth of tobacco
plants and gives their leaves a mosaic coloration
In the late 1800s, researchers hypothesized that a
particle smaller than bacteria caused the disease
In 1935, Wendell Stanley confirmed this
hypothesis by crystallizing the infectious particle,
now known as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 19.2
RESULTS

1 Extracted sap 2 Passed sap 3 Rubbed filtered

from tobacco through a sap on healthy
plant with porcelain filter tobacco plants
tobacco mosaic known to trap
disease bacteria

4 Healthy plants
became infected
Structure of Viruses
Viruses are not cells
A virus is a very small infectious particle
consisting of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein
coat and, in some cases, a membranous envelope

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Viral Genomes
Viral genomes may consist of either
Double- or single-stranded DNA, or
Double- or single-stranded RNA
Depending on its type of nucleic acid, a virus is
called a DNA virus or an RNA virus

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Capsids and Envelopes
A capsid is the protein shell that encloses the viral
genome
Capsids are built from protein subunits
A capsid can have various structures

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 19.3

Membranous
RNA Capsomere RNA
envelope
DNA Capsid DNA
Head
Tail
Capsomere
sheath
of capsid
Tail
fiber
Glycoprotein Glycoproteins

18 250 nm 7090 nm (diameter) 80200 nm (diameter) 80 225 nm

20 nm 50 nm 50 nm 50 nm
(a) Tobacco (b) Adenoviruses (c) Influenza viruses (d) Bacteriophage T4
mosaic virus
Figure 19.3a

20 nm
(a) Tobacco mosaic virus
Figure 19.3b

50 nm
(b) Adenoviruses
Figure 19.3c

50 nm
(c) Influenza viruses
Figure 19.3d

50 nm
(d) Bacteriophage T4
 Some viruses have membranous envelopes.
Why?
These viral envelopes surround the capsids of
influenza viruses and many other viruses found in
animals
Viral envelopes, which are derived from the host
cells membrane, contain a combination of viral
and host cell molecules

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Bacteriophages, also called phages, are viruses
that infect bacteria
They have the most complex capsids found
among viruses
Phages have an elongated capsid head that
encloses their DNA
A protein tail piece attaches the phage to the host
and injects the phage DNA inside

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Viruses replicate only in host cells:

Viruses are parasites, which means they can

replicate only within a host cell
Each virus has a host range, a limited number of
host cells that it can infect
Many viruses have two reproductive mechanisms:
the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lytic Cycle

Once a viral genome has entered a cell, the cell

begins to manufacture viral proteins
The virus makes use of host enzymes, ribosomes,
tRNAs, amino acids, ATP, and other molecules
Viral nucleic acid molecules and protein capsids
spontaneously self-assemble into new viruses
The host cell is destroyed.
Virulent

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 19.4
1 Entry and DNA VIRUS
uncoating 3 Transcription
Capsid
and manufacture of
capsid proteins

HOST
2 Replication CELL
Viral DNA

mRNA
Viral Capsid
DNA proteins

4 Self-assembly of
new virus particles
and their exit from
the cell
 Animation: Phage T4 Lytic Cycle
Right-click slide / select Play

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 19.5-1

1 Attachment
Figure 19.5-2

1 Attachment

2 Entry of phage
DNA and
degradation
of host DNA
Figure 19.5-3

1 Attachment

2 Entry of phage
DNA and
degradation
of host DNA

3 Synthesis of
viral genomes
and proteins
Figure 19.5-4

1 Attachment

2 Entry of phage
DNA and
degradation
of host DNA

Phage assembly

4 Assembly
3 Synthesis of
Head Tail Tail viral genomes
fibers and proteins
Figure 19.5-5

1 Attachment

2 Entry of phage
DNA and
degradation
of host DNA
5 Release

Phage assembly

4 Assembly
3 Synthesis of
Head Tail Tail viral genomes
fibers and proteins
The Lysogenic Cycle
The lysogenic cycle replicates the phage
genome without destroying the host
The viral DNA molecule is incorporated into the
host cells chromosome
This integrated viral DNA is known as a provirus.
Every time the host divides, it copies the phage
DNA and passes the copies to daughter cells

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Animation: Phage Lambda Lysogenic and Lytic Cycles
Right-click slide / select Play

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

 An environmental signal can trigger the virus
genome to exit the bacterial chromosome and
switch to the lytic mode

Viruses that use both the lytic and lysogenic

cycles are called temperate phages

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 19.6

Phage Daughter cell

The phage with prophage
DNA injects its DNA.
Cell divisions
produce a
Phage DNA population of
Phage circularizes. bacteria infected
with the prophage.
Bacterial
Occasionally, a prophage
chromosome
exits the bacterial chromosome,
initiating a lytic cycle.

Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle

Certain factors The bacterium reproduces,
The cell lyses, releasing phages. determine whether copying the prophage and
lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle transmitting it to daughter
Prophage cells.
is induced is entered

New phage DNA and proteins Phage DNA integrates into

are synthesized and assembled the bacterial chromosome,
into phages. becoming a prophage.
Figure 19.6a
Phage The phage
DNA injects its DNA.

Phage DNA
Phage circularizes.
Bacterial
chromosome

Lytic cycle
Certain factors
The cell lyses, releasing phages. determine whether
lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle
is induced is entered

New phage DNA and proteins

are synthesized and assembled
into phages.
Figure 19.6b
Daughter cell
with prophage

Cell divisions
produce a
Phage DNA population of
circularizes. bacteria infected
with the prophage.
Occasionally, a prophage
exits the bacterial chromosome,
initiating a lytic cycle.

Lysogenic cycle
Certain factors The bacterium reproduces,
determine whether copying the prophage and
lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle transmitting it to daughter
Prophage cells.
is induced is entered

Phage DNA integrates into

the bacterial chromosome,
becoming a prophage.
Table 19.1
Table 19.1a
Table 19.1b
RNA as Viral Genetic Material
The broadest variety of RNA genomes is found in
viruses that infect animals
Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to copy
their RNA genome into DNA
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the
retrovirus that causes AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome)

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Vaccines are harmless derivatives of pathogenic
microbes that stimulate the immune system to
mount defenses against the harmful pathogen
Vaccines can prevent certain viral illnesses
Viral infections cannot be treated by antibiotics
Antiviral drugs can help to treat, though not cure,
viral infections

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bacillus, Spirillium, and Coccus
Bacteria
Bacillus Bacterium
Flagellum