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and
Efficiency
by
John Magill
The Air Movement and Control
Association International (AMCA), has
met the standards and requirements of
the Registered Continuing Education
Providers Program. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be
reported to the RCEPP. A certificate of
completion will be issued to each
participant. As such, it does not include
content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or
endorsement by NCEES or RCEPP.
Learning Objectives
4
5
Basic Fan Types
Centrifugal
Backward Inclined Airfoil-blade
Backward Inclined Flat-blade
Forward Curved Blade
Radial Blade
Radial Tip
Axial
Propeller / Panel Fan
Tubeaxial
Vaneaxial
Special Designs
Power Roof Ventilators
Tubular Inline Centrifugal
Mixed Flow
Plenum/ Plug
6
Centrifugal:Backward Inclined Airfoil-Blade
7
Centrifugal:Backward Inclined or Curved Flat-Blade
Backward inclined or curved blades are single thickness or flat
Efficiency is only slightly less than airfoil blade
Similar characteristics as airfoil blade
Same HVAC applications as airfoil blade
Also for industrial applications where airfoil blade is not
acceptable because of corrosive or erosive environment
8
Backward Inclined or Curved Flat & Airfoil-Blade
9
Centrifugal: Forward Curved Blade
Blades are curved forward in the
direction of rotation
Must be properly applied to avoid
unstable operation
Less efficient than Airfoil and
Backward Inclined
Requires the lowest speed of any
centrifugal to move a given amount of
air
Used for low pressure HVAC systems
Clean air and high temperature
applications
Typically smallest size selection
Rising power overloading
characteristic
10
Centrifugal: Radial Blade
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Centrifugal:
Radial Tip
The blades are radial to the fan shaft at the
outer extremity of the impeller, but gradually
slope towards the direction of wheel rotation
More efficient than the radial blade but less
than backward inclined
Offers wear resistance in mildly erosive air
streams
12
Axial: Propeller or Panel Fan
One of the most basic fan designs
For low pressure, high volume applications
Often used for ventilation through a wall
Available in square panel or round ring fan
Maximum efficiency is reached near free delivery
Reversible blade for reversible flow applications like jet
tunnel fans
Many axial fans can overload at shutoff
13
Tubeaxial Fan
14
Vaneaxial Fan
15
Power Roof Ventilators
A variety of backward inclined centrifugal wheels or axial
impeller designs
Also available in upblast damper design to discharge air away
from the building
For low pressure exhaust systems of all building types (roof
mounted)
16
Inline Centrifugal Fan
Cylindrical housing is similar to a vaneaxial fan
Wheel is generally an airfoil or backward inclined type
Housing does not fit close to outer diameter of wheel
For low and medium pressure HVAC systems or industrial
applications when an inline housing is geometrically more
convenient than a centrifugal configuration
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Mixed Flow Fan
Specific Speed between a centrifugal and axial fan
Cylindrical housing is similar to a vaneaxial fan
High volume advantages of axial fans
Low sound, high efficiency advantages of tubular
centrifugal fans
18
PLENUM / PLUG FAN
This is basically a
centrifugal wheel and inlet in
a frame without a scroll or
housing. The housing is the
AHU box. Housed vs plenum
Offers tremendous
fan
flexibility for inlet and
discharge in a AHU
application
More efficient than a scroll
centrifugal for high flows and
low SP. All SP rise occurs in
the blade passage
Wall clearance rules must
be followed to avoid
significant system effect
19 losses
SO YOU HAVE ALL THESE CHOICES
OF FANS TYPES AVAILABLEWHAT
SHOULD YOU DO TO PICK THE
RIGHT FAN FOR YOUR
APPLICATION?
Lets consider a couple of examples to illustrate the
selection process from an efficiency, sound, cost and
available space perspective
All Air tests based on AMCA std 210, and Sound tests
based on AMCA std 300
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21
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All fans selected at peak SE (Static Efficiency) for
Airflow=10,000 cfm, Static Pressure (SP)~2 iwc
Type Dia (in) Spd (rpm) BHP SE % LwiA
(Static (Inlet
Efficiency) Sound
Power A)
1 Forward
Curved- SW
30 476 5.09 61.7 89
(Centrifugal)
2 Backward
Airfoil SW
36.5 650 3.82 80.0 77
(Centrifugal)
4 Tubular
Mixed Flow
27 1074 4.48 70.2 81
5 Tubular Vane
Axial
28 1438 4.77 65.9 86
6 Propeller
(Axial)
30 1998 4.92 54.4 103
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Narrowing in after main Fan Type Selection..........
FT-1
FT-1
LESS LESS
EFFICIENT COST
MORE
NOISY
In general, for all fan types, as first cost goes down, operating costs
(BHP) and noise go uptrade off!
24
Tone at Blade Pass Frequency (Blade Tone)
25
FT-2
FT-2
Blade Tone
prominence
27
28
All fans selected at peak SE (Static Efficiency) for
Specific Speed, Ns
Type Specific Max Static
Speed, Ns Efficiency (SE%)
1 Forward Curved-SW
(Centrifugal)
26,300 61
2 Backward Airfoil-SW
(Centrifugal)
40,000 80
3 Plenum 50,000 75
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Summary
Fan selection is not a trivial process for a given application.
Example shown applies to one design operating point. The
selections will change for other operating points.
There is no magic fan that will result in least cost, best efficiency
and low noise for a wide range of operating points.
Compromises should be well understood upfront.
Direct Drive (DD) selection speeds may further limit selections.
Varying width options can optimize DD selections.
Mechanical design requirements like balancing and vibration
levels, spark and high temp resistance, corrosion resistance,
arrangements, motors, bearings, drives can further challenge
the selection process.
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