Failure Resulting from Static Loading

What will be learned today?

Static load and strength

Stress concentration
Failure theories
Maximum-shear stress
Distortion energy
Coulomb-Mohr
Maximum-normal stress
Modified-Mohr
How to select failure theories and use them
Static load and strength1

A static load is a stationary force or couple applied to a member.

A stationary force or couple must be unchanging in magnitude, point(s)
of application, and direction.
A static load can produce axial tension or compression, a shear load, a
bending load, a torsional load, or any combination of these.
Static load and strength2

Static load
Static load and strength3

(Static) strength is the property of the materials obtained from the test
which can be a simple tension, compression, or shear.
Designers must deal with problem using only published value of such
properties.
Yield strength
Ultimate strength
Percentage of reduction in area
Percentage elongation
So on
Stress concentration

Stress concentration factor is use to show a highly localized effect of

discontinuous geometry of member and it levels up the stress as

Set or when considering ductile materials

( ) subjected to static loading.
Use either or when dealing with brittle materials ( )

For cast iron, the stress concentration factor have been included;
therefore do not apply these factors when making design.
Failure theories
 Failure theories for ductile materials: MSS1
Maximum-shear stress(Tresca or Guest) theory(MSS) :
A mechanical parts subjected to any combination of loads will yield
whenever the maximum shear stress in any element equals or exceeds
the maximum shear stress in a tension-test specimen of the same
material when that specimen begin to yield.

For a combined load, maximum shear stress is

For combined load, yielding occur when

or 1 3 S y (5-1)

This implies that yield strength in shear

(5-2)
Failure theories for ductile materials: MSS2
For plane stress problem, there are only two principal stresses while the
other is equal to zero. Then, there are three case to consider,
Case 1: and then, and

Case 2: and then, and

Case 3: and then, and

For design, we have to incorporate a safety factor n

or
Failure theories for ductile materials: MSS3
 Distortion-energy theory For Ductile Materials
Distortion-energy theory states that yielding occurs when the distortion
strain energy per unit volume reaches or exceeds the distortion strain
energy per unit volume for yield in simple tension o compression of the
same material
Problem 1: The state of stress at a point for a ductile hot-rolled
material is shown in the figure. will it exhibit yielding? If not, Find
the factor of safety using (a) Maximum shear stress theory (b)
Distortion energy theory. Take the tensile yield strength of the
material as 30 MPa
y
y= 5 MPa
yx
txy =3 MPa

x= 10 MPa
x

z
 y
Solution y= 5 MPa x xy xz 10 3 0
yx
ij xy y yz 3 5 0
xy =3 MPa
xz yz z 0 0 0

x= 10 MPa
x

3 I 1 2 I 2 I 3 0
z

I 1 x y z 10 5 0 15
I 2 x y y z x z xy2 yz2 xz2 10.5 0 0 3 2 41
I 3 x y y 2 xy yz xz x yz2 y xz2 z xy2 0 0 0 0 0 0

put in a order as 1 2 3
3 15 2 41 0
1 11.4 MPa,
2 15 41 0 0 MPa, 2 15 41 0
2 3.6 MPa
2 15 41 0 11.4 MPa, 3.6 MPa 3 0 MPa
a) Maximum Shear Stress Theories
Yielding occurs when
1 3 S y
max
2 2
11.4 0
max 5.7 MPa
2
S y 30
Since max 5.7 MPa 15 MPa
2 2
therefore yielding will not occur.

Safety Factor :
Sy 30
n 2.631
( 1 3 ) 11.4 0
 b) Distortion energy (Von Mises) theory
Yielding occurs when
' Sy

'
1
(11.4 3.6) 2
(3.6 (0)) 2 (0 11.4) 2 12

2
' 10.089 MPa

The calculated ' 10.089 MPa the yield stress (30MPa), therefore yielding will not occur

Safety factor :
Sy 30
n 2.973
' 10.089
Example:5-2 :A 25-mm-diameter shaft is statically torqued to 230 N m. It is made of
cast 195-T6 aluminum, with a yield strength in tension of 160 MPa and a yield strength
in compression of 170 MPa. It is machined to final diameter. Estimate the factor of safety
of the shaft.
Example :5-17