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TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
In the simplest application, clutches connect and disconnect two rotating shafts (drive
shafts or line shafts). In these devices, one shaft is typically attached to an engine or other
power unit (the driving member) while the other shaft (the driven member) provides
output power for work.
PRINCIPLE OF CLUTCH
It operates on the principle of friction. When two surfaces are brought in
contact and are held against each other due to friction between them, they can
be used to transmit power. If one is rotated, then other also rotates. One
surface is connected to engine and other to the transmission system of
automobile. Thus, clutch is nothing but a combination of two friction surfaces .
MAIN PARTS OF A CLUTCH
It consists of
(a) a driving member,
(b) a driven member, and
(c) an operating member.
The driven member is a disc called clutch plate. This plate can slide freely to
and fro on the clutch shaft.
Mechanical clutches
1)Positive contact clutches
i. jaw clutches
ii.toothed clutches
2)Friction clutches
i.Disc clutches
ii.Cone clutches
iii.centrifugal clutches
System Components
Flywheel: Transfers engine power to the clutch
Clutch Fork (if applicable): Slides the release bearing into and
away from the pressure plate assembly
Components cont:
Clutch Linkage (or hydraulic plumbing): Allows the driver to
operate the clutch fork
Belleville/diaphragm type:
cost effective
uniform engagement
limited spring pressure
Spring:
unlimited pressure capabilities
as springs wear, pressure may become
inconsistent
Clutch Components
Release (throw-out) bearing
When the clutch plate is to be disengaged, the clutch pedal is pressed. Because of this
pressure plate moves back and clutch plate is disengaged from flywheel. Thus, clutch
shaft stops rotating even if engine flywheel is rotating. In this position, power does not
reach the wheels and vehicle also stops running. Single plate clutch is show n fig.
Design of clutch plate
r
R1
R2
R2
R1
Single Plate Clutch
W=total axial load
R1=External radius of clutch plate
R2=internal radius of the clutch plate
R1
R1
P=intensity of pressure between contacting
surfaces.
=coefficient of friction between contacting
surfaces
Single Plate Clutch
Consider a elemental ring of radius r and
thickness r on the contacting surface.
therefore,
Area of the ring on contacting surface is,
Axial load on the ring is,
W=pressureArea of the ring
W p 2 r r
Single Plate Clutch
Frictional resistance offered by ring is,
Fr W
F (p
Frictional
r
torque r r) on2the ring
2 acting is,
p r r
T r Fr r
Tr 2 p r r.r 2 p r 2 r
Single Plate Clutch
Torque transmitted by single plate clutch is
obtained by considering following two
assumptions
(a)uniform pressure theory
(b)uniform wear theory
Single Plate Clutch
(a)uniform pressure theory:
Assuming that the intensity of pressure over the
entire contacting surface area is constant,
Then,
p=constant
load W
Total
p torque transmitted by single 2 plate clutch
contacting surface area R 1 R 2
can be obtain by integrating Equation
2
Single Plate Clutch
(1)within limit R2 to R1 we
T R1
r
2
2 p r r
0 R2
T R1
r 2 p r
2
r
0 R2
R2
r
3
2
2 p 3 3
p R1 R 2
3 R1
3
[p=Consta
nt]
2
3
W
2
R1 R 2
2
R 1
3
R 2
3
W
p
2
R1 R 2
2
2
W
R 13 R 2 3
3
2
R1 R 2
2
.(A)
W 2
0 R2
C r
Single Plate Clutch
W 2 C r 2 C R 1 R 2
R1
R2
W
C
We know2 Rfrictional
that 1 R 2 torque acting on ring is,
.(5)
r 2 p r r
2
.(6)
C 2
r 2 r r r 2 C r r
r
Single Plate Clutch
Torque transmitted by single plate clutch can be
obtain by integrating the Equation (4 ) within the
limit R2 to R1 we get,
T R2
0
r 2
R2
C r r
T R2
0
r 2 C r r
R2
2 C
r
2 R1
2 C
R 1
2
R2
2
2 R2
2
Single Plate Clutch
W
2 R 1 R 2
2
R1 R 2
2
1
W
2
R1 R 2
2
2 torque Rtransmitted
This is the 1 R2 by single plate
due 1
tofriction considering uniform wear theory.
W
2
Single Plate Clutch
Power transmitted by single plate clutch is
given by,
P
2 N
P Watt
60
where, N Speed of shaft in rpm
MULTIPLATE CLUTCH
Multi-plate clutch consists of more than one clutch plates contrary to single plate
clutch which consists of only one plate. Friction surfaces are made in case of multi-
plate clutch. Due to increased number of friction surfaces, a multi-plate clutch can
transmit large torque.
Therefore, it is used in racing cars and heavy motor vehicles witch have high engine
power. The clutch plates are alternatively fitted with engine shaft and the shaft of gear
box. He plates are firmly held by the force of coil springs and they assembled in a
drum.
One plate slides in the grooves on the flywheel and the next plate slides on spines
provided on pressure plate. Thus, each alternate plate slides in grooves on the flywheel
and the other on splines of pressure plate. If we take two consecutive plates, then one has
inner and other has outer splines.
When the clutch pedal is pressed, the pressure plate moves back against the force of
coil spring, hence the clutch plates are disengaged and engine flywheel and gear box are
decoupled. However, when clutch pedal is not pressed the clutch remain in engaged
position and the power can be transmitted from engine flywheel to the gear box. This type
of clutch has been shown in Figure.
For multiplate clutch
For uniform pressure theory,
2
n W
R 13 R 2 3
For uniform wear theory,
3 R 12
R 2
2
1
n W R 1 R 2
2
Multiplate Clutch
Notes:
In case of new clutch ,the intensity of pressure is uniform
along the surface of clutch but in case of old clutch
uniform theory is more correct.
For single plate clutch normally both sides of the plate
are effective .there for single plate clutch has two pairs of
contacting surface i.e. n=2.
In actual practice, usually the theory of uniform wear is
used in analysis of clutch.
Intensity of pressure is maximum at the inner radius R2 of the
friction or contact surface,
C
Pmax R 2 C OR Pmax
R2
Intensity of pressure is minimum at the inner radius R1 of the
friction or contact surface,
C
Pmax R 1 C OR Pmax
R1
In mutilate disc clutch
n1 no of disc on driving shaft
n no of disc on driven shaft
2
So no. of pairs in contact,
n n1 n 2 1
Clutch plate
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINGLE
AND MULTI-PLATE CLUTCHES :-
The number of pairs of contacting surfaces in the single plate
clutch is one or at the most, two. These are more number of
contacting surfaces in the multi-disk clutch.
As the number of contacting surfaces is increased, the
torque transmitting capacity is also increased, other conditions
being equal. In other words, for a given torque capacity, the
size of the multi-plate clutch is smaller than that of the single
plate clutch, resulting in compact construction.
The work done by friction force during engagement is converted
into heat. More heat is generated in the multi-plate clutch due to
increased number of contacting surface. Heat dissipation is a serious
problem in the multi-plate clutch. Therefore, multi-plate clutches are
wet clutches, while single plate clutches are dry.
The coefficient of friction decreases due to cooling oil, thereby
reducing the torque transmitting capacity of the multi-plate clutch.
The coefficient of friction is high in dry single plate clutches.
Single plate clutches are used in applications where large radial
space is a available, such as trucks and cars. Multi-disk clutches are
used in applications where compact construction is desirable, e.g.,
scooter and motorcycle.
Cone clutch
Driven
shaft
Driving
shaft
Friction lining