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COURSE
WORK STUDY
NITJ
1
INTRODUCTION
With increasing complexities of the
technological world,need to simplify the work
system has been increasing day by day.
Work study is an area of knowledge that
addresses the problem of work simplification
with the basic objectives of
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Productivity
3
4
WORK STYDY HAS MANY OTHER NAMES
FOR EXAMPLE
METHODS ENGINEERING,
WORK SCIENCE,
WORK DESIGN,
JOB ESIGN
WORK METHODS DESIGN &WORK
MEASUREMENT
MOTION &TIME STUDY
Original names were:
Motion study,Time Study
& then, Motion & Time Study
5
DEFINITION
It is the systematic study of work systems with
the purposes of
1. Developing the preferred system and Method
( with lowest cost)
2. Standardizing the system and method
3. Determining standard time for the task
4. Assisting in training the worker in the
preferred Method
6
ILO DEFINITION
7
EXPLANATION
9
Motion Study
Analysis of the basic hand, arm, and body movements of workers as
they perform work
Techniques for recording
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Assignment-1(Detailed explanation)
12
Basic Motion Elements
Frank Gilbreth first to analyze and
classify the basic motion elements
.
17 Therbligs (continued)
Figen EREN
Therbligs
Figen EREN
.
Classification of Therbligs
Effective therbligs: Ineffective therbligs:
Physical Basic Motion Physical Basic Motion Elements:
Elements: Hold
Transport empty Pre-position
Grasp Physical and Mental Basic Motion
Transport loaded Elements:
Release load Position
Use Search
Assemble Select
Disassemble Mental Basic Elements:
Mental Basic Elements: Plan
Inspect
Method study at the therblig Delay
level elements:
seeks to eliminate or reduce
Delay Elements:
ineffective therbligs. Unavoidable delay
Rest Avoidable delay
Figen EREN
.
THUS:
PRODUCTIVITY measures the extent to which a
certain OUTPUT can be extracted FROM A
GIVEN INPUT.
41
Techniques of Work Measurements
42
Work measurement gives answers to the following
questions typically faced by service organization.
43
Work measurement methods
44
Cont..
45
Allowances (The time required by the worker to recover from fatigue)
Duration of work
Working environment
46
Three most useful techniques of work measurement
47
Cont..
1. Time Study
Involves timing a sample of a worker's performance and using it to set
a standard.
3. Work Sampling
Determines the proportion of time a worker spends on activities.
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Time study
1. Define the task or objective to be studied
5. Complete the average cycle time for each task element as given
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Conti..
50
Problem..
Find the standard time if 12 % allowances are given
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52
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Sample size for time study
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55
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Predetermined Time Standards
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Work sampling
58
59
Sample size for WS
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Problem
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METHOD STUDY & JOB SELECTION
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STEP I : JOB/TASK/PROCESS SELECTION
3. HUMAN CONSIDERATIONS
67
Contd.
1.ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
Cost effectiveness i.e. to check whether or not the WS application
would pay. For this, key-profit giving/ costliest operations with largest
waste/scrap should be attacked first. Next bottleneck operations,
repetitive operations, repeated material handling operations should be
studied. For locating most important operations, PARETO ANALYSIS
could be used.
2.TECHNICAL/TECHNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The analysis involves application of WS for the selection of the
operations/processes where new technology e.g. automation/
robotisation should be introduced.
3.HUMAN CONSIDERATIONS
Analysis involves location of those operations which present the
sources of dissatisfaction and/or annoyance to the workers due to
fatigue or monotony or unsafe environment or a work which is clumsy
in nature.
68
STEP II : RECORDING THE FACTS (charts and
Diagrams)
CHAPTER : 8
RECORDING MOVEMENT OF
WORKERS/MATERIALS
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RECORDINGMOVEMENT OF WORKERS/
MATERIALS
STRING DIAGRAM
FLOW DIAGRAM
TRAVEL CHART
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STRING DIAGRAM
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FLOW DIAGRAM
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TRAVEL CHART ( or, FROM-TO CHART)
It is a tabular record of quantitative data about
movement of workers/materials/equipment between
any number of places over a given period of time. It is
always in the form of a SQUIRE, having within it the
squires.
EACH SMALL SQUIRE REPRESENTS A STATION.
Along the TOP, squires from left to right represent the
stations FROM where movement or travel occurs.
Along those DOWN THE LEFT HAND, the squires
represent the stations TO which the movement is
made.
85
MAN-MACHINE CHART
(MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHART)
This kind of process chart records the activities of
the operator as well as the machine on the same
chart against a common time scale.
Separate vertical columns ( in the form of bars)
are used for both.
The chart clearly indicates the IDLENESS (or
UTILISATION) of operator as well as the machine.
On the basis of the recorded events in the chart,
one can rearrange the process so that IDLE-TIME
is reduced, or BETTER UTILISATION of the
operator/machine is achieved.
It is used for balancing the work between man
and machine ;proper utilization of maintenance
crew /team-activities in mass production. 86
LECTURE : 18-24
CHAPTER : 9
87
METHODS & MOVEMENTS AT THE
WORKPLACE
PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY
These principles can be helpful in work design, in
reducing the human fatigue and in improving the
work efficiency. According to Barnes, these can be
presented under following THREE subgroups:
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Principles: Contd
90
CLASSIFICATION OF HAND MOTIONS
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CONTD.
Edge
of bench operator
operator
Maximum WA : (Shoulder Movement)
96
DIMENSIONS FOR SEATED TASKS
1.SEAT HEIGHT should be adjustable :
( range:36-45 )
2. WORK SURFACE HEIGHT should be around
elbow level (range:65-72 cm)
3.LEG CLEARANCE : 40 cm at knee level
& 60 cm for the feet
4.THIGH CLEARANCE : 20 cm minimum
5.WORK SURFACE THICKNESS : 5cm max.
97
Principles : CONTD.
5.Materials and tools should be arranged to
permit the best sequence of motions.
98
Principles : CONTD.
7.Provision should be made for adequate
lighting and, a chair of the type of height to
permit good posture should be provided.
The height of the workplace and seat should
be arranged to allow alternate standing and
sitting.
THERBLIG : GILBRETH
( read in reverse order)
103
contd.
Today we have 17 Therbligs as follows:
Search, select, grasp,
transport empty, transport loaded,
hold, release load
position, preposition, inspect,
assemble, disassemble, use,
unavoidable delay avoidable delay,
plan, & rest for overcoming
fatigue.
THESE ARE USED IN MICROMOTION
STUDIES (FACTS RECORDED ON FILMS)
104
MICROMOTION STUDIES
Operations with very short cycles &
repetitive cycles need greater details to
analyze it for saving motions and
effort( i.e. planning for lesser fatigue).
This goal can be achieved through
Micro-motion Studies.
MICRO means small. Thus here we
study the motions in terms of
THERBLIGS.
105
CONTD.
Such a study involves the use of
FILM and VIDEO
when operator performs the job.
107
CONTD.
EQUIPMENT:
Camera, Film, Micro-chronometer,
Exposure meter, Flood lights,
Reflectors, Tripod,, Projector etc.
OR,
111
MEMOMOTION ANALYSIS
It was introduced by MUNDEL.
It is a special type of micro-motion study in
which activities are FILMED AT MUCH
SLOWER SPEED (60 to 100 frames per
minute) i.e. at longer intervals than normal
(intervals being between 0.5 to 4 s).
Thus a general pattern of movements can
be obtained and avoidable motions can be
identified.
112
contd.
STEPS: Study the operation to be filmed ;
Prepare the film ; Analyze the film ;
Develop a better method.
ADVANTAGES: More economical (less film
consumed) and Long sequence of activities can be
recorded;
APPLICATIONS:
Team-work studies ;
Material flow studies ( e.g. baggage
movement at the airports )
Long cycle job studies &
Study of artificial limbs motions etc 113
CYCLEGRAPH
It was introduced by Gilbreth.
It is a photographic record of the path of
movement of the operator doing a job.
Little source of light (bulb) is attached to the
hand or finger or any other body part, whose
motions are to be analyzed. When he/she
performs the operation and photograph is
taken continuously, the path of motions is
recorded on the film as CONTINUOUS
STREAK OF LIGHT as shown below
OPERATO R
114
CHRONOCYCLEGRAPH
It is a special type of cycle-graph in which the light
source (bulb) is suitably INTERRUPTED ELECTRICALLY
so that the path of motion in the photograph appears as
a SERIES OF PEAR-SHAPED SPOTS instead of
continuous streak of light as shown below
PEAR-SHAPED SPOTS
MOTION DIRECTION