Last Puzzle

10 prisoners in a prison get a once-in-lifetime

chance to be free. They will be blindfolded, made
to stand in a row facing a wall, one behind the
other. Then from a box containing 15 Red & 15
Blue caps, each will be donned a cap. 10th
persons blindfold will be removed. He can see 9
others. He has to guess the colour of his cap. If
correct, he will be released, else shot. His answer
will be communicated to the rest by the warder.
Then 9th will be un-blindfolded & so on. What
strategy will enable release of maximum prisoners
& how many can be released (By probability, 5 out
of 10 can be released without strategy, so, look for
better answer)
 Answer to last puzzle

The last person (10th, who can see 9 caps ahead) says
Red (or black) if he sees Even (or Odd) number of red
caps ahead. By probability he has 50% of chance of
survival.
The 9th person knows whether 10th person saw even or
odd Red caps ahead (Out of 9). He can also see 8
caps ahead. He can guess his cap colour correctly.
The 8th person knows whether 10th person saw even or
odd red caps. He also knows colour of 9th persons
cap. He can guess the cap colour correctly.
And so on
9 persons will definitely survive and 10th has 50%
chance
Introduction To Quality
Management
 Dimensions of Quality
Performance (Will the product do the
intended job?)
Reliability (How often does the product
fail?)
Durability (How long does the product
last?)
Serviceability (How easy is it to repair the
job?)
 Dimensions of Quality
Continued

Aesthetics (How does the product look?)

Features (What does the product do?)
Perceived Quality (Reputation of the
Product or the Company)
Conformance to Standards (Is the product
made as per specifications?)
 Quality A Few Definitions
Quality Control Part of Quality
Management, focussed on fulfilling quality
requirements
Quality Assurance Part of quality
management focussing on providing
confidence that quality requirements will
be fulfilled.
Quality Management - Timeline
1700-1920 Quality largely determined by individual
craftsman
1920-1950 Development and use of control charts
1950-60 Development of TQM, Japanese techniques
for quality improvement
1960-80 Process Control, Design of Experiments,
Cost of Quality
1980 Quality Awards, International Standards, 6
onwards Sigma, etc.
 What does TQM mean?
Total Quality Management means that the
organization's culture is defined by and
supports the constant attainment of
customer satisfaction through an
integrated system of tools, techniques,
and training. This involves the continuous
improvement of organizational processes,
resulting in high quality products and
services.
 Total Quality Management
Quality as a Management Philosophy
Employee Involvement
Cultural Change
Individual Development
Teamwork
Continuous Improvement (PDCA Cycle)
Measure
Develop
Maintain
 Basic Tenets of TQM
The customer makes the ultimate determination of
quality
Top Management must provide leadership and support
for all quality initiatives
Preventing variability is the key to producing high quality
Quality goals are a moving target, thereby requiring a
commitment toward continuous improvement
Improving quality requires the establishment of effective
metrics. We must speak with data and facts not just
opinions.
 Quality Throughout
A Customers impression of quality begins with
the initial contact with the company and continues
through the life of the product.
Customers look at the total package - sales, service
during the sale, packaging, deliver, and service after
the sale.
Quality extends to how the receptionist answers the
phone, how managers treat subordinates, how
courteous sales and repair people are, and how the
product is serviced after the sale.
All departments of the company must strive to
improve the quality of their operations.
 The TQM System
Objective Continuous
Improvement

Principles Customer Process Total

Focus Improvement Involvement

Leadership
Education and Training
Elements Supportive structure
Communications Reward and recognition
Measurement

Total Quality Management

 Methods for Generating Ideas for
Improvement
Brainstorming
Generate a free flow of idea in a group of
people
Quality circles
Group of workers who find ways of improving
Interviewing:
Benchmarking: Measure against best
5W2H
what, why, where, when, who, how, how much
 Deming, Juran, Crosby
Edward Deming 14 points
Management Driven, Ongoing improvement
culture, participation of all employees
Joseph Juran Quality trilogy
Quality Planning, Quality Control, Quality
Improvement
Philip Crosby Quality is free
Aim of zero defect
International Quality Standards
ISO
Quality Awards
Practices to attain the goals of Philosophy
Product/Process Design (Redesign) Methods
Concurrent Engineering
QFD
Value Engineering
Process Control Methods
SPC
DOE
Process Improvement Methods
Benchmarking
Kaizen
BPR
 SPC - Basic Principles
Causes of Quality Variation
Chance / Natural Variation
Assignable Causes
Process Settings
Material Defects
Operator Mistakes
Measurement of Variation
Statistical Distribution of variation
Representative Sample
Reduction of Variation (assignable causes)