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-- Warming-Up Review
(from early modern period,
around 1500 AD)
1
Europe: Emerging from
the Medieval Ages
Declining influence of church on secular
affairs
Burgeoning period of the establishment
of the principles that holds even today
separation between church and
state
Liberation of peoples mind look at the
world from secular perspective
HOW?
Whats next?
5
1. Renaissance and Impact
(beginning about 1350, lasted 2 centuries)
6
1) Secular Outlook Accepted
7
2) Humanism Expanded
medieval scholars used Greek philosophy to
prove the truth of Christian doctrines
8
3) Individualism Established
competitive marketplace in the cities taught the
urban elite to assert their own personalities
demonstrated their unique talents and fulfill their
ambitions
motivated them to venture into uncharted seas
to look for greater opportunities, including
conquering other lands and peoples
9
An Entirely New Culture Created
In art: the human form and rules of perspective
were recovered from antiquity
In politics: ancient history of Greece and Rome
was studied for clues on how to solve the problems
of the Renaissance city-state
such as internal turmoil, mercenary army, the threat
of powerful foreign monarchies like France and
Spain
e.g. Niccolo Machiavelli (14691527)-The Prince
10
2. Facing the New while
Struggling with the Old
1492 1560s
11
1) The NewExploring the World
Map 14.1 Early Voyages of World
13
Exploration
Map 14.2 Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in
the Americas, 14921560 14
2) The Old Struggling for the
True Religion
Life of
Martin
Luther and
the heroes of
the
Reformation
15
Attackers:
Four Major Reformers
1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)
2. Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)
3. John Calvin (1509-1564)
4. Henry VIII (1491-1547) and the
Anglican Church in England
16
1. Martin Luther (1483-
1546)
YoungGerman friar,
abandoned law for monastery
(1484-1531)
Chief Preacher in Zurich
1520, declared himself reformer
and attacked the corruption of the ecclesiastical
hierarchy and church rules (fasting and clerical
celibacy)
Under him, Zurich became center of Swiss
reform movt
18
3. John Calvin
(1509-1564)
Switzerland
Gradually abandoned Catholic Church
Gather many adherents, in France, culminated in the
Affair of the Placards in 1534church doors were
posted with broadsheets denouncing the mass
Provoked crackdown on Protestants, Calvin fled abroad
19
Anne Boleyn, 1501-1536
4. Henry VIII (1491-
1547)
Initially opposed the Reformation
and even granted Defender of
Faith by the Pope
Needed a male heir and wanted
to marry Anne Boleyn
To do so, his marriage to
Catherine of Aragon
must be invalidated by
Pope, but was refused
23
The Council of Trent
-- 1545, Pope Paul III convened a general council
of the church at Trent, a town between Holy
Roman Empire and Italy
-- 1545-1563, meetings sporadically lasted nearly
20 years
-- bishops, archbishops and
cardinals made a wide-ranging
decisions in condemning the
central doctrines of Protestantism
24
-- Reasserted the supremacy of clerical
authority over laity
-- reaffirmed that the churchs interpretation of
Bible could not be challenged
-- reaffirmed the legitimacy of indulgences
-- rejected divorce that is permitted by
Protestants
-- but, it also called for
reform from within
Approximate spread of
Protestantism during the
Reformation and after the
Counter Reformation in Europe
29
Summary and
Conclusion
Europe: undergoing new changes, at the same
time, struggling with the past
Both combined, shaped the development of
western civilization since the 16th century
Protestant permanently broke from the Roman
Catholic Church
Unfortunately, Catholics and Protestants would
continue to fight for the restoration of a SINGLE
faith for many generations
These fighting took the form of civil war as well as
international conflict
30
The End
Spring 2016
(Insertion)
Holy Roman Empire (962 1806)
The Holy Roman Empire (German: Heiliges
Rmisches Reich) was a union of territories in
Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early
Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor.
The first Holy Roman Emperor was Otto the Great
in 962
The last was Francis II, who abdicated and
dissolved the Empire in 1806 during the Napoleonic
Wars.
It was officially known as the Holy
Roman Empire of the German from the
16th century onwards.
Banners of the Holy Roman Emperor 32
The Empire's territorial extent varied over its
history, but at its peak it encompassed the
following:
-- Kingdom of Germany
-- the Kingdom of Italy
-- the Kingdom of Burgundy
-- territories embracing the present-day Germany
(except Southern Schleswig)
-- Austria (except Burgenland)
-- Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Belgium, the
Netherlands, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic,
Slovenia (except Prekmurje)
-- significant parts of modern France, Italy, and
Poland
33
For much of its history the Empire consisted of
hundreds of smaller sub-units, principalities,
duchies, counties, Free Imperial Cities, as well as
other domains. Despite its name, for much of its
history the Empire did not include Rome within its
borders.