Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Wilson-Simon
ACCIDENT & INJURY
PREVENTION
Instructor: Kerrie Murphy
Edmonds Community College
This course is being supported under grant number
SH16637SH7 from the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department
of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial
products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S.
Government.
With Thanks to & Cooperation of the Tulalip Occupational
Safety & Health Administration (TOSHA)
Introduction & Course Overview
PROaction versus REaction
Risk 0
Safety
FREEDOM FROM DANGER OR HARM
Nothing is Free of
A Judgement of the
Acceptability of Risk
R
A
T
I
O
S
OSHA METHOD
330 Incidents
29 Minor Injuries
ACCIDENT
Personal Injury
Property Damage
Potential/Actual
Basic Causes
Management Systems & Procedures
Human Behavior
Management
Systems &
Procedures
Lack of systems &
procedures
Availability
Lack of Supervision
Environment
Physical
Lighting
Temperature
Chemical Biological
vapors Bacteria
smoke Reptiles
Environment
Design and Equipment
Design
Workplace layout
Design of tools &
equipment
Maintenance
Design and Equipment
Equipment
Suitability
Stability
Guarding
Ergonomic
Accessibility
Human Behavior
Common to
all accidents
Deviations from
SOP
Lacking Authority
Short Cuts
Remove guards
Human Behavior is a function of :
Consequences
(what happens if it is/isnt done)
ABC Model
Antecedents
(trigger behavior)
Behavior
(human performance)
Consequences
(either reinforce or punish behavior)
Only 4 Types of
Consequences:
Positive Reinforcement (R+)
("Do this & you'll be rewarded")
Extinction (E)
("Ignore it and it'll go away")
Consequences Influence
Behaviors Based Upon
Individual Perceptions of:
Magnitude
{ positive
Significance or
Impact negative
Soon
Certain
Positive
Soon
A consequence that follows soon after a
behavior has a stronger influence than
consequences that occur later
Silence is considered to be consent
Failure to correct unsafe behavior
influences employees to continue the
behavior
Human Behavior
Certain
A consequence that is certain to follow a
behavior has more influence than an
uncertain or unpredictable consequence
Corrective Action must be:
Prompt
Consistent
Persistent
Human Behavior
Positive
A positive consequence influences
behavior more powerfully than a
negative consequence
Penalties and Punishment dont work
Speeding Ticket Analogy
Human Behavior
Example: Smokers find it hard to stop smoking
because the consequences are:
A) Soon (immediate)
B) Certain (they happen every time)
C) Positive (a nicotine high)
The other consequences are:
A) Late (years later)
B) Uncertain (not all smokers get lung cancer)
C) Negative (lung cancer)
Deviations from SOP
No Safe Procedure
Employee Didnt know Safe Procedure
Employee knew, did not follow Safe
Procedure
Procedure encouraged risk-taking
Employee changed approved procedure
Human Behavior
Thought Question:
TIME!
Im too busy!
NEGATIVE OUTCOMES
POSITIVE OUTCOMES
$ Direct Costs
Medical
Insurance
Lost Time
Fines
Compliance
Failure to develop and implement a
program may be cited as a SERIOUS
violation (by itself or "Grouped" with
other violations)
Select topics
Set & post the agenda
Schedule safety meeting
Prepare meeting site
Encourage participation
Conducting A Safety Meeting
Provide an attendance list or sign in sheet
Provide a meeting agenda
Call meeting to order and review meeting topics
Cover any old business
Primary meeting topic
Future agendas
Close meeting and document
Components of an Agenda
Opening statement including reason for
attendance, objective, and time
commitment
Items to be discussed
Generate alternative solutions
Decide among the alternatives
Develop a plan to solve the problem
Assign task to carry out plan
Establish follow-up procedures
Summarize and adjourn
Regular Agenda Item
Review Policies & Plans such as:
Hazard Communication Program
Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protection
Housekeeping
Machine Safeguarding
Safety Audits
Record Keeping
Emergency Response Plans
Emergency Plan
Anticipate What
Could Go Wrong
and Plan for
those Situations
Drill for
Emergency
Situations
Emergency Action Plan
The following minimum elements shall be included :
Alarm Systems
Emergency escape procedures and route assignments;
Procedures for employees who remain to operate critical
plant operations before evacuation
Procedures to account for all employees
Rescue and medical duties for those employees who are to
perform them
The preferred means of reporting fires and other
emergencies
Names / job titles of who can be contacted for further
information or explanation of duties under the plan
Record Keeping & Updating
Record each Recordable Injury & Illness on
OSHA 300 Log w/in 6 Days
Recordable
Occupational fatalities
Lost workday
Result in light-duty or termination or require medical
treatment (other than first aid) or involve loss of
consciousness or restriction of work or motion
This information in posted every year from
February 1 to April 30 in the OSHA 300A
Summary
Record Keeping and Updating
First Aid - one-time treatment that could be
expected to be given by a person trained in
basic first-aid using supplies from a first-aid kit
and any follow-up visit or visits for the purpose
of observation of the extent of treatment
NOTE: The new OSHA Recordkeeping Rule
lists the specific First Aid Treatments
Immediately Report:
Any accident that involves: 1. Injury 2. Illness 3.
Equipment or property damage
HAZARD
condition with
the potential to
cause personal
injury, death and
property damage
Hazard Identification
Review Records
Talk to Personnel
Accident Investigations
Follow Process Flow
Write a Job Safety Analysis
Use Inspection Checklists
STEP 2: Assess Hazards
Probability - How likely is the hazard?
Likely
Not likely
Severity - What will happen if
encountered?
Death
Serious Injury
Damage to property
Levels of Risk Awareness
Unaware: Doesnt realize at-risk
Substitution
Engineering controls
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment
Hazard Controls
Source
Path
Receiver
Hazard Control
Administrative Engineering
Protective Equipment/Clothing
Engineering
Hazard Elimination Ventilation
Add-On Safety Design Design/Layout
Active vs. Passive Safety Devices
User Instructions
(Manual)
Administrative
Safety Rules
Disciplinary Policy - Accountability
Preventative Maintenance
Training
Proficiency/Knowledge Demonstrations
Step 5: Supervise
Ensure risk control
measures are
implemented
Track progress
Feedback
JOB SAFETY
ANALYSIS
Job Safety Analysis
Use a checklist
Ask questions
Take notes
Respect lines of communication
Draw conclusions
Unsafe Acts
??
Management Commitment
NO !
PRIORITIES CHANGE
SAFETY
MUST BE A
VALUE!!
Employee Participation
Crew-Leader
Meetings
SHARED VISION
EXERCISE
AVAILABLE RESOURCES
OSHA Website: www.osha.gov
WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT?
THE ACCIDENT
An
unplanned and unwelcome event
that interrupts normal activity
Accidents are What Happens to
Somebody Else
BUT REMEMBER:
YOU
are somebody else
to somebody else
THE ACCIDENT
MINOR ACCIDENTS:
NEGATIVE Results
Injury & possible death
Disease
Damage to equipment & property
Litigation costs, possible citations
Lost productivity
Morale
OUTCOMES OF ACCIDENTS
POSITIVE Results
Accident investigation
Prevent repeat of accident
Change to safety programs
Change to procedures
Change to equipment design
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Accidents are usually complex
An accident may have 10 or more events
that can be causes
A detailed analysis of an accident will
normally reveal three cause levels:
direct
indirect
root
Direct Cause
An accident results only when a person
or object receives an amount of energy
or hazardous material that cannot be
absorbed safely - This energy or
hazardous material is the DIRECT
CAUSE of the accident
The direct cause is usually the result of one or
more unsafe acts or unsafe conditions or both
Indirect and Root Causes
Unsafe acts and conditions are the indirect
causes or symptoms of accidents
Indirect causes are usually traceable to:
poor management policies and decisions
personal or environmental factors
Root causes are the actual policies and
decisions by management and the actual
personal and environmental factors of the
workplace
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
You Must:
Conduct a preliminary
investigation for:
serious injuries with immediate
symptoms
Death
Lost Time
Injury
Reportable Injury
Minor Injuries
Near Misses
Acts Conditions
aintenance
ledge
otivation
esign
bility
thers
ction
now
of
M
D
A
K
O
A
M
Investigation Strategy
Need For Investigation
Gather Facts
Analyze Data
Establish Causes
Write Report
8 4
7 5
6
12
11 1
10 2
9 3
8 4
7 5
6
12
11 1
10 2
9 3
8 4
7 5
6
COMPANY ACCIDENT FORMS
Unbiased Recording
Keep Log of Photos
Overall to Close-up
Color if possible
Supplement with Video
Gather Data
Data includes:
Persons involved
Date, time, location
Activities at time of accident
Equipment involved
List of witnesses
Review Records
Check training records
Was appropriate training provided?
When was training provided?
Check equipment maintenance records
Is regular PM or service provided?
Is there a recurring type of failure?
Check accident records
Have there been similar incidents or injuries
involving other employees?
Documents
Collect All Related Documents
Inspection Logs
Policy & Procedures Manual
JSA (Job Safety Analysis)
Equipment Operations Manuals
Insurance Records
Employee Records
Police Reports
Those who do not know the
past are destined to:
Repeat
Repeat
Repeat
Repeat
Repeat
Repeat
It.
ISOLATE FACT FROM
FICTION
Use NORMS-based analysis of
information
Not an interpretation
Observable
Reliable
Measurable
Specific
If an item meets all five of above, it
is a fact
NORMS OF OBJECTIVITY
Objective Subjective
Not an Interpretation - Based on Interpretations - Based on
a factual description. personal
Observable - Based on what is seen interpretations/biases.
or heard.
Non-observable - Based on
Reliable - Two or more people events not directly observed.
independently agree on what they
observed.
Unreliable - Two or more
people dont agree on what
Measurable - A number is used to they observed.
describe behavior or situation.
Non-Measurable - A number
Specific - Based on detailed
isnt used.
definitions of what happened.
General - Based on non-
detailed descriptions.
INVESTIGATION TRAPS
Put your emotions aside!
Dont let your feelings interfere -
stick to the facts!
Do not pre-judge
Find out the what really happened
Do not let your beliefs cloud the
facts
Never assume anything
Do not make any judgements
Record Evidence
Keep All Notes in Bound Notebook
Keep Originals
Inadequately guarded or
unguarded equipment
Defective tools, equipment or
materials
Fire and explosion hazard
Unexpected movement hazard
Projection hazards
Breakdown of Unsafe Conditions
Housekeeping
Hazardous environmental conditions
Improper ventilation
Improper illumination
Unsafe dress or apparel
Breakdown of Unsafe Acts
Operating without authority
Operating or working at unsafe speeds
Making safety devices inoperative
Using unsafe equipment
Neglecting to wear PPE
Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining
Taking unsafe position or posture
Basic Causes
Management Systems & Procedures
Environment
Human Behavior
Management
Was a hazard assessment conducted?
Were the hazards recognized?
Was control of the hazards addressed?
Were employees trained?
Did supervision detect/correct deviations?
Was Supervisor trained in job/accident
prevention?
What were the production rates?
FIND ROOT CAUSES
P IT H its W a ll
F a ilu r e T o S t o p
E n v ir o n m e n ta l E q u ip m e n t P ro c e d u ra l Hum an
W e t F lo o r B r a k e s F a il S te e r in g F a ils N o T r a in in g N o In s p e c tio n
N o F lu id D id N o t K n o w In te n tio n a l O m is s io n
B r e a k L in e L e a k N o T r a in in g
S u d d e n R e le a s e S lo w L e a k
N o P r e s h ift In s p e c tio n
Problem Solving
Fault Tree
P IT H its W a ll
F a ilu r e T o S to p
E q u ip m e n t P ro c e d u ra l Hum an
D id n o t C o n d u c t In s p e c tio n
B r a k e s F a il T r a in in g R e q 'd
N o F lu id S u p .R e s p . D id N o t K n o w In te n tio n a l O m is s io n
B r e a k L in e L e a k S u p v . s ic k T r a in in g N o t R e c e iv e d T im e ltd .
S u d d e n R e le a s e S lo w L e a k N O T R A IN IN G
N o P r e s h ift In s p e c tio n
ISHIKAWA FISHBONE
DIAGRAM
Machinery Methods
EFFECT