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Requirements:
Understand the basic definitions, characteristics
and functions of these biochemicals.
Amino Acids and Proteins
H2N C COOH
H H H
-H+ -H+
H3 N+ C COOH H3N+ C COO- H2N C COO-
+H+ +H+
R R R
Zwitterion
Amino Acids
Isoelectric point (IEP) is the pH value at which amino acids
have .
IEP varies depending on the R group of amino acids.
At IEP, an amino acid does not migrate under the influence of
an electric field.
[ HA][ H ] [ A ][ H ]
K1 (3) K2 (4)
[ HAH ] [ HA]
Taking the logs of equations 3 and 4, yields,
[ HA] [ A ]
pH pK1 log (5) pH pK 2 log (6)
[ HAH ] [ HA]
[ ] represents concentration in dilute solution.
where pH=-log(H+), pK1=-log(K1), and pK2=-log(K2).
Standard amino acids: there are 20 standard amino
acids that are commonly found in proteins.
Amino Acids
Essential amino acids: An essential amino acid for an organism is
an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the organism from other
available resources, and therefore must be supplied as part of its diet.
Most of the plants and microorganism cells are able to use inorganic
compounds to make amino acids necessary for the normal growth.
Two others, histidine and arginine are essential only in children. A good
memonic device for remembering these is "Private Tim Hall",
abbreviated as:
PVT TIM HALL:
Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan
Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine
Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, Leucine
limiting amino acid content: the essential
amino acid found in the smallest quantity
in the foodstuff.
Wheat lysine
Rice lysine and threonine
Pulses methionine
Beef methionine and cysteine
Whey none
Milk none
Use of Amino Acids
Aspartame (aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl ester) is an
artificial sweetener.
: > 50 AA.
- releasing a molecule of .
This is a condensation (also called dehydration synthesis)
reaction.
Proteins
Proteins are the polymers built through the
condensation of amino acids.
(protein recovery)
Protein constitutes 40-70% dry weight of cell. Its
molecular weight is from 6000 to several hundred
thousand daltons.
Dalton is a unit of mass equivalent to a hydrogen atom,
1 dalton = 1.66053886 1027 kg.
- : enzymes
- : hemoglobin
- : antibodies
Protein 3-D Structure
Proteins are amino acid chains that fold into unique 3-dimensional structures.
The shape into which a protein naturally folds is known as its native state,
which is determined by its sequence of amino acids and interaction of groups.
Protein Structure
The three-dimensional structure can be described at four
distinct levels:
Primary structure: .
Only protein with more than one polypeptide chain has quaternary
structure. This structure has an important role in the control of their
catalytic activity.
The proteins can regain their native state when the denaturing
influence is removed. Such denature is reversible. Some other
denature is irreversible.- direct purification processes.
Irreversible egg protein denaturation and loss of solubility,
caused by the high temperature (while cooking it)
Summary of Amino Acids and Proteins
Amino acids are basic building blocks of
proteins.
They contain acid carboxyl group and base
amino group as well as side group R.
They can be neutral, positively or negatively
charged.
They are 20 standard amino acid and 10
essential amino acids for human being.
Summary of Amino Acids and Proteins