Ms.

Alejandra Cisternas
UNIT 1 : OUR ROLE TODAYS SOCIETY

Statement of inquiry
The physical and social changes that we
experience in life can mold and shape the way we
comprehend the world.
Key Concept Related Concept(s) Global Context

Change interactions, Identities

patterns
and

relationships

APPROACHES TO LEARNING (ATL)

COMMUNICATION
HOW DOES HUMAN LIFE BEGIN?
The sperms in the testes of a male are transferred through the
penis into the females vagina.
The sperms find their way to meet the egg inside the females
body.
If a sperm meets an egg, they fuse.
This is known as fertilisation.
Only one sperm can fertilise the egg.
The male and female are now the father and mother of the
fertilised egg.

+
sperm egg fertilised egg

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HOW DOES FERTILISATION OCCUR?
1. There is mating .
2. Sperms are introduced into the female through
the vagina.
3. The sperms swim through the uterus to the
oviduct towards the egg.
4. A sperm bumps into the egg.
5. The sperm penetrates the egg membrane.
6. The tail drops.
7. The egg membrane thickens to prevent other
sperms from entering.
8. The sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus.
FERTILISATI
ON

5
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 HOW DOES HUMAN LIFE BEGIN?
The fertilised egg divides to form more
and more cells.
These cells will eventually form the organs
in the body of the developing baby.

fertilised egg
many cells

developing baby
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PARENTS AND THEIR YOUNG
The fusion of the sperm and egg results in
a fully developed baby.
These two reproductive cells contain
information about the characteristics of
the father and the mother.
Through the reproductive cells, the
characteristics of the parents are passed
on to their young.
Thus, the characteristics of plants and
animals are preserved in future
generations, hence ensuring that their
kind continues to exist.

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THE FERTILIZED EGG TRAVELS TO
THE UTERUS
As the zygote passes down the
oviduct, it begins to divide by
repeated division. During its
journey, the zygote obtains
nutrients from fluids secreted by
the mother. By the sixth day, the
zygote passes into the uterus.
Continuous cell divisions result in
the formation ball of cells called a
blastocyst.
The blastocyst attaches to the
uterine lining six days after
fertilization. Attachment of the
blastocyst to the lining of the
uterus is called implantation. A
small, inner mass of cells within
the blastocyst will soon become a
human embryo
EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES AND THE
PLACENTA

Membranes form around the human 4.- The umbilical cord, a ropelike
embryo, protecting and nourishing structure that attaches the embryo
it. to the wall of the uterus.
1.-The amnion is a thin, inner
membrane filled with a clear, watery
amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid serves
as a shock absorber and helps
regulate the body temperature of the
developing embryo.
2.-The chorion is the outer membrane
that surrounds the amniotic sac and
the embryo within it. About 12 days
after fertilization, fingerlike
projections of the chorion, called
chorionic villi, begin to grow into the
uterine wall. The chorionic villi
combine with part of the uterine
lining to form 3.- The Placenta,
EXCHANGE BETWEEN EMBRYO AND
MOTHER
A growing fetus exchanges nutrients, oxygen, and
wastes with the mother through the placenta.
EMBRYO AND FETUS DEVELOPMENT
First trimester: Organ systems form
During the first trimester, all the organ systems of the embryo begin to form.
the embryo is more sensitive to outside influencessuch as alcohol, tobacco, and
other drugs that cause malformationsthan at any other time. Other
environmental factors that can adversely affect the health of a developing
embryo include exposure to toxins, such as pesticides, or mater- nal infections
such as chicken pox .
By the eighth week, all the organ systems have been formed, and the embryo is
now referred to as a fetus.
SECOND TRIMESTER: A TIME OF GROWTH
Growth is rapid during the fourth month, but then slows by the beginning of the
fifth month. During the fifth month, fetal movements can be felt by the mother. In
the sixth month of development, the fetuss eyes open and eyelashes form. The
fetuss metabolism cannot yet maintain a constant body temperature, and its lungs
have not matured enough to provide a regular respiratory .
THIRD TRIMESTER: CONTINUED GROWTH

During the last trimester, the mass of the fetus more than triples. The
fetus continues to kick, stretch, and move freely within the amniotic cavity.
During the eighth month, fat is deposited beneath the skin, which
will help insulate the newborn. By the end of the third trimester, the
fetus weighs about 3300 g and is about 51 cm long. All of its body
systems have developed, and it can now survive independently outside the
uterus.