DRAFT

Introduction
Mechanical Power
Reciprocating Engines
Turbines
Turbines are compact machines (high power to weight
ratio, having less balancing problems and less oil
consumption.

Turbines
Hydraulic turbines
Steam turbines
Gas turbines
The performance of these machines depend on compressor
efficiency, pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature.
 Introduction
Gas Turbine versus Steam turbine
Steam turbine plants are utilized for producing large power
1000 MW per unit. Gases are used to heat water and steam.
Then steam is used in turbines to produce power.
In gas turbines gas is directly used to produce power
Power cycles are simple, complex and combined (steam and
gas)
Simple and combined gas turbines
Use of turbines
Electrical power generation
Jet propulsion
Supply of compressed air/ gas
Mechanical power generation
Introduction
Introduction
 Examples of Application
Impeller of a compressor
 Examples of Application
Vaned diffuser for centrifugal compressor
 Examples of Application
Turbo charger
 Examples of Application
Schematic of flow in an axial turbine. Contours of pressure are from a CFD calculation
 Examples of Application
:Reaction turbine (Francis type)
 Examples of Application
:Impulse turbine (Pelton type)
 Examples of Application
Cutaway view of the GE90 turbofan engine designed for long-range commercial aircraft
 Introduction
Description of simple cycle
Specific work, w; thermal efficiency,
= w/q

Assumptions:
Both compressor and turbine are
isentropic (reversible adiabatic, = 100
%)
Pressure losses in both of combustion
chamber and heat exchanger are
negligible.
Working fluid is air. It behaves as an
ideal gas
Mass flow rate is constant and
combustion process is replaced by heat
addition process.
 Introduction
First law of
thermodynamics
(conservation of
energy)
q w = h
wc h
Compressor
wc h1 h2 c p (T1 T2 )
(adiabatic, q=0.)

Turbine wt h
wt h4 h3 c p (T3 T4 )
 Introduction
Combustion chamber
q h, w 0. wnet wt wc
th
qh h3 h2 c p (T3 T2 ) qh qh

c p (T3 T4 ) c p (T1 T2 ) T4 T1
th 1
c p (T3 T2 ) T3 T2
T2 p
Isentropic processes 1 - 2 and 3 - 4, thus ( 2 ) ( 1) / (r ) ( 1) /
T1 p1

T3 p
Also ( 3 ) ( 1) / ( r ) ( 1) /
T4 p4
 Introduction
T4 T1 T1 T4 / T1 1
th 1 1 [ ]
T3 T2 T2 T3 / T2 1

Let r P2 / P1 , P3 P2 & P4 P1
( 1 ) /
r P2 / P1 P3 / P4 , thusT2 / T1 T3 / T4 r

T4 1 ( 1) /
(1 ) 1 ( )
T3 r
 Introduction

Open cycle single shaft and twin-shaft arrangements

Complex with inter-cooling, heat exchange and reheat

Multi-spool arrangements

Typical gas turbine design procedures

Introduction