Voltage and reactive

power control
 Importance of Voltage and reactive power
Control
both utility and customer equipment designed to operate at certain
voltage rating, Long time operation outside allowable range could
cause them damage

the lamp characteristics are very sensitive to changes of voltage.

the life of the lamp may be reduced by 50%
Also the power load consisting of induction motors, the voltage
variations may cause stray operation.
Too wide variations of voltage cause excessive heating of electrical
device such as distribution transformers
 System stability is satisfactory

voltage levels and reactive power control have significant impact on

stability

The reactive power flow is minimized so as to reduce I 2R and I 2X

losses to a practical minimum that

ensures transmission system operates efficiently

 Reactive power generated
Reactive power generated by the ac power source is stored in a capacitor

or a reactor during a quarter of a cycle and in the next quarter of the cycle

it is sent back to the power source. Therefore the reactive power oscillates

between the ac source and the capacitor or reactor So to avoid the

circulation between the load and source it needs to be control

Reactive power does not travel very far Usually necessary to produce it

close to the location where it is needed A supplier/source close to the

location of the need is in a much better position to provide reactive

power
 When the load on the system increases,
the voltage drop increased in
alternator synchronous impedance

Transmission line

transformer impedance

feeders

These voltage variations are undesirable and must be kept within the

limits
 Reactive power formulas
Q = VAR

Q

For heavy load condition s required

+ve var C- bank
For light load condition required
-ve var L bank
Receive power Injection
PR + JQR
Ps+ JQs
Power sending PR+ J(QR +Qc )
JQc

Shunt compensation
Load

Than Total reactive power in receiving

QR = QS + QC
 Methods of control voltage Reactive Power
Control of voltage levels is accomplished by controlling the production,
and absorption, of reactive power flow at all levels in the system

Generating units provide the basic means of voltage control

Additional devices to control voltage:

o Static sources or sinks of reactive power

o Voltage regulating such as tap transformers,

o Dynamic source such as Synchronous motor

 Static sources or fixed
Shunt compensation
Series compensation
Static (VAR) compensators
Static compensators

All these devices compensate reactive power using a similar operating

principle.
 Shunt compensators
The device that is connected in parallel with the transmission line is

called the shunt compensator.

A shunt compensator is widely used in transmission system to

regulate the voltage magnitude. It can be provided by either a

current source ,or voltage source

The Shunt connected reactors are used to reduce the line over

voltages by consuming the reactive power,

The shunt connected capacitors are used to maintain the voltage

levels by compensating the reactive power to transmission line.

Figure 1 : Transmission line with shunt compensation
 Series compensators
When a device is connected in series with the transmission line or

feeder it is called a series compensator.

A series compensator can be connected anywhere in the transmission

It works as a controllable voltage source.

Series inductance exists in all AC transmission lines.

when a large current flows, this causes a large voltage drop. To

compensate, series capacitors are connected, to decreasing the

effect of the inductance.

 X TL
Xc serise
V Sending
V receiving

Figure 2 : Transmission line with series compensation

 static VAR compensator
Astatic VAR compensator(orSVC) is anelectrical device for providing reactive power

The term static is used to denote that there are no moving or rotating components The SVC

designed to bring the system closer to unitypower factor. (usually use thyristor to

Controlled Reactors and capacitor)

If the power system's reactive load iscapacitive (leading),

the SVC will use reactors lowering the system voltage.

also Underinductive(lagging) conditions,

the capacitor banks are automatically switched to providing a higher system

voltage.
Figure 3 : static VAR compensator. use thyristor switched
 Advantage and disadvantage
a) They are more reliable .
b) Faster in operation .
c) Smoother control and more
flexibility can be provided with
the help of thyristors.
Disadvantage
Need a transformers steps the
transmission voltage down to a much
lower level
the size and number of components.
more expansive compered with
shunt capacitive
 Static Compensator
The devices use synchronous voltage sources for generating or absorbing

reactive power.

A synchronous voltage source (SVS) is constructed using a voltage source

converter (VSC).

A STATCOM usually contains an ( SVS) A synchronous voltage source

that is driven from a dc storage capacitor and the (SVS) is connected to

the ac system bus through an interface transformer. The transformer

steps the ac system voltage down

The STATCOM can be operated in two different modes:
When the feeder voltage is lower than the voltage of the converter
the STATCOM generates reactive power.
When the converter voltage is higher than the feeder voltage,
the STATCOM absorbs reactive power

Figure 4 : STATCOM Static synchronous Compensator

 Voltage regulating
tap changing transformers
Auto transformer

Tap Changing transformer

In this method, a number of tapping's are provided on the secondary
of the transformer.
The tap selection may be made on automatic or manual tap
changer mechanism.
the number of tapping have been provided a variation voltage on
the secondary.
When the position of the tap is varied, the number of secondary
turns is varied the voltage varied
Tap/changing transformer works
when the movable arm makes contact with lower positions such as 1, the
secondary voltage is minimum
this during the period of light inductive load
When the movable arm contact with higher position such as 5 ,the
secondary voltage is maximum
This during the period of high inductive load,
 Advantage of tap changing transformer
During high system load conditions, network voltages are kept at

highest practical level to

minimize reactive power requirements

increase effectiveness of shunt capacitors to compensated reactive

power

During light load conditions, it is usually required to lower network

voltages

avoid under excited operation of generators

 autotransformer
autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals, one or more

terminals at intermediate tap points,

The primary voltage is applied across two of the terminals,

the secondary voltage taken from two terminals,

always having one terminal is common with the primary and secondary

the current flows directly from the input to the output, and only smaller part

inductively

Autotransformers are frequently used in power transmission and distribution

 In a step down transformer the source is usually connected across

the full winding while the load is connected by a tap across the

desired voltage

In a step up transformer, the source is connected to a tap across

desired voltage ,while load is attached across the full winding

common
autotransformer
 Induction Regulators
There are two types of induction regulators single phase and 3 phase.

The construction it is similar to a induction motor except that the rotor is

not allowed to rotate continuously but can be adjusted in any position

either manually or by a small motor.

The adjustable output voltage by varying the inductive coupling between a

rotor and a stator winding

induction Regulators are used for voltage control of distribution primary

feeders.
 Single phase induction regulator.
The primary winding terminals of the stator and is connected across
the supply line.
The secondary winding is for rotor is connected in series with the line
whose voltage is to be controlled.

Figure 5 :single induction Regulators

 Three phase induction regulator
The primary windings either in star or delta are wound of the stator and

are connected across the supply.

The secondary windings are wound of the rotor and the six terminals are

connected in series with the line whose voltage is to be controlled.

Three phase induction regulators are used to regulate the voltage of

feeders and connection with high voltage

Figure 6 : Three phase induction regulator Y_ Connected
 Synchronous Condenser dynamic
Compensators
A synchronous machine running without a prime mover or a mechanical

load

the reactive power control depending on field excitation, Started as an

induction motor ,

the main function is the improvement of p.f of the electrical system is

known as the synchronous condenser.

It is installed at the receiving end of the line .

figure 5 : Synchronous Condenser
 Advantages
1 Reliability is very high.

2. No generation of harmonics.

3. Low maintenance and not affected by harmonics.

 Benefit of reactive power and voltage
controlled
Better efficiency of power generation, transmission and distribution

Improvement in voltage

Reduced KVA demand

Reduced system losses.

 Summary of reactive power compaction

why capacitors are used as reactive power compensation device?

A capacitor is said to be generator of reactive power. When a

capacitor is connected across a load, it provides reactive power to

the load. Its cheep type of compensation

By reactive power compensation we can control the power factor

and stability of voltage and reduce the consumption of electricity.

THANK YOU
FOR listening

any question
Reference

1. The raja Electrical Technology chapter 15 voltage controlled of

Twenty Third edition
2. REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL ISSUES IN ELECTRIC
POWER SYSTEMS Peter W. Sauer University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign -sauer@ece.uiuc.edu
3. www.google.com/ renewable academy
4. en.wikipedia.org