Lecture 12

Lecture 12 Design(T-
Beams)
June 27, 2003
RC 444
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Lecture Goals
Finish Doubly Reinforced Beam
Example
Design of T-Beams
Known section dimensions
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Example Problem
Doubly reinforced beam with known dimensions,

fc = 6000 psi & fy = 60 ksi.
Max + Mu = 435.0 k-ft
Use a double layer at the bottom of the beam
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Example Problem
Select a k factor (c/d), which will cause the tension
steel to yield. c
0.375
d
Select c/d = 0.325
f c 4000
1 0.85 0.05
1000
6000 4000
0.85 0.05 0.75
1000
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Example Problem
Compute Ru
k 1k 0.75 0.325 0.24375

k

Ru 0.85 f c k 1
2
0.24375
0.85 6 ksi 0.24375 1
2
1.092 ksi
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Example Problem
Compute bd2
Mu
Mu
Ru bd
2
bd
2
Ru
12 in.
435 k-ft ft.

bd
2 0.9 5313 in 3
1.092 ksi
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Example Problem
Assume that b =0.45d
3
5313 in
bd 5313 in d 3
2 3
22.77 in.
0.45
b 0.45 22.77 in. 10.247 in.
Use d = 22.5 in. and b = 10 in.
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Example Problem
Calculate the Atotal for a singly reinforce beam:
c 0.35d 0.35 22.5 in. 7.3125 in.
0.85 f cb 1c
Atotal
fy
0.85 6 ksi 10 in. 0.75 7.3125 in.

60 ksi
4.66 in 2
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Example Problem
Assume As=0.40Anet
Atotal
As
1 % Anet
4.66 in 2
1.33 in 2
1 0.40
Anet 4.66 in 2 1.33 in 2 3.33 in 2
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Example Problem
Select the steel to meet the requirements. Chose 5#9
bars for the tension steel and 2 #8 in compression
steel.
Atotal 5 1.00 in 2 5.00 in 2
As 2 0.79 in 2 1.58 in 2
Anet Atotal As
5.00 in 2 1.58 in 2 3.42 in 2
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Example: Doubly Reinforced
Section
Check the
As 5.00 in 2
0.02222
bd 10 in. 22.5 in.
As 1.58 in 2
0.00702
bd 10 in. 22.5 in.
0.02222 0.00702 0.0152
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Section
Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and min
1 0.85 f c d 87000
'
d fy 87000 f y
0.75 0.85 6 ksi 2.5 in. 87
0.02282

60 ksi 22.5 in. 87 60

0.0152 0.02282 Compression steel has yielded.
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Example Problem
Compute c for the new beam and assume compression
steel has yielded
a
Atotal As f y

3.42 in 2
60 ksi
0.85 f cb 0.85 6 ksi 10 in.
a 4.02 in.
4.02 in. c 5.36 in.
1 0.75
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Example Problem
Check to see if the compression steel has yielded
c d 5.36 in. 2.5 in.

s cu 0.003
c 5.36 in.
0.001602
fy60 ksi
y 0.00207
E s 29000 ksi
Compression steel has
0.00160 0.00207
not yielded!
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Example Problem
Compute the actual c value
0c 2
A E s s cu As f y c A E
s s cud
0.85 f cb 1 0.85 f cb 1
0 c2
1.58 in 87 ksi 5.0 in 60 ksi
2 2
c
0.85 6 ksi 10 in. 0.75

1.58 in 87 ksi 2.5 in.
2
0.85 6 ksi 10 in. 0.75

0 c 2 4.2494c 8.9843
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Example Problem
Compute the actual c value
b b 2 4ac
c
2a
4.2494 4 8.9843
2
4.2494

2
c 5.799 in.
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Example Problem
Compute a and f s
c 5.799 in.
0.2577 0.375
d 22.5 in.
a 1c 0.75 5.799 in. 4.349 in.
c d
fs Es cu
c
5.799 in. 2.5 in.
29000 ksi 0.003
5.799 in.
49.49 ksi
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Section
Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam

a
M n As f y As f s d As f s d d

2
5.0 in 60 ksi 1.58 in 49.49 ksi

2 2
22.5 in.
4.35 in.

2
1.58 in 2 49.49 ksi 22.5 in. 2.5 in.
6072.2 k - in.
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Section
Compute the moment capacity of the beam
MU Mn
0.9 6072.2 k - in.
5465.0 k - in. 455.4 k - ft.
455.4 k - ft. 435 k - ft. OK!
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Section
Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and min
eff 0.02222 0.00702 0.01537
200 200
0.00333
fy 60000
min min 0.00387
3 f c 3 6000 0.00387
fy 60000

min 0.0154 0.00387 OK!
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Section
The beam is over-designed by:
455.4 k - ft. 435 k - ft.

Error *100%
435 k - ft.
4.69%
Using 5 #9 bars in a double layer configuration for the

tension steel and 2 #8 bars in the compression steel.
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Design Procedure for section dimensions
are unknown (T- Reinforced Beams)
Assume that the material properties, loads, and span length
are all known. Estimate the dimensions of self-weight using
the following rules of thumb:
a. The depth, h, may be taken as approximate 8 to 10 %
of the span (1in deep per foot of span) and estimate
the width, b, as about one-half of h.
b. The weight of a rectangular beam will be about 15 %
of the superimposed loads (dead, live, etc.). Assume
b is about one-half of h.
Immediate values of h and b from these two procedures
should be selected. Calculate self-weight and Mu.
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Design Procedure for Singly Reinforced
Flange Beams when flange is in
compression unknown dimensions
Calculate controlling value for the

design moment, Mu.
Assume that resulting section will be

tension controlled, t 0.005 so that can
take = 0.9.
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Design Procedure for Singly Reinforced
Flange Beams when flange is in
compression unknown dimensions
Calculate d, since h is known
d h 2.5 in. For one layer of reinforcement.

d h 3.5 in. For two layers of reinforcement.
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Design Procedure for Singly
Reinforced Flange Beams when flange
is in compression unknown
dimensions
Determine the effective width of the
flange, beff
Check whether the required nominal

moment capacity can be provided with
Cf1 0.85 fin
compression the flange alone.
c beff h f
M f1 Cf1 d h f / 2
and
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Design Procedure for Singly
Reinforced Flange Beams when
flange is in compression unknown
dimensions
If M u M f1
Need to utilize web
below flanges. Go to step 4.
If M u M f1 Use design procedure

for rectangular beams with b =
beff , (d -a/2) = 0.95d
Note: for flexure without axial load
(ACI 318-02 Sec. 9.3)
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Singly Reinforced Beams where
flange is in compression Design
Procedure when section dimensions
are unknown
Find nominal moment capacity provided
by overhanging flanges alone (not
including web width)
For a T shaped section:
Cf 0.85 f c beff bw hf
and
M f Cf d hf / 2
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are unknown
Find nominal moment capacity that

must be provided by the web.
Mu
Mw Mf

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are unknown
Calculate depth of the compression

block, by solving the following equation
for a.
M w Cw d a / 2
0.85 f c bw a d a / 2
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are unknown
Find required reinforcement area, As (reqd)
Asf Cf / f y
Asw C w / f y , where C w 0.85 f c bw a
As req'd Asf Asw
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are unknown
As
Select reinforcing bars so As (provided)
(reqd). Confirm that the bars will fit within
the cross-section. It may be necessary to
change bar sizes to fit the steel in one
layer or even to go to two layers of steel.
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are unknown
Calculate the actual Mn for the section

dimensions and reinforcement selected.
Mn Mu (keep over-
Check strength
design within 10 %)
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are unknown
Check whether As provided is within

allowable limits.
As (provided) As (min)
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Minimum Area
Calculate the minimum amount of steel
6 f c
b d
fy w

3 f c
As,min smallest of beff d
f y
largest of
200
f
beff d
y
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Additional Requirements for
flanged sections when flange is
in tension
ACI 318 Section 10.6.6
Must distribute flexural tension steel over effective
flange width, be (tension)
beff compression from 8.10
beff tension smaller of
l 10
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in tension
When be (comp) > l/10 some longitudinal

reinforcement shall be
provided in outer portions
of flange.
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in tension
For l use centerline dimensions when adjacent spans
for - M @ support are not equal, use average l to
calculate be (tension)
One scenario when beff (tension) < beff (compression)
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Design Procedure for SR
Beam Unknown Dimension
Do a preliminary geometric size based on the following:
Mu hf a
M n 0.85 f c hf beff bw d abw d
2 2
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Design Procedure for SR
Beam Unknown Dimension
Assume
1 A reasonable value for k in terms
2 Effective flange width based on ACI guidelines.
3 Desired ration of b and d. b = 0.5 0.65 d
4 Depth of the flange based on design of the slab.
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Example Problem
T-Beam with unknown dimensions, hf = 6 in.(slab)
fc = 4500 psi & fy = 60 ksi.
Three spans continuous beam, simply supported on
walls. Spans are (25ft, 30 ft. and 25 ft.) The beam
spacing is 14 ft center to center
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Example Problem
Using estimated values h = 26 in. , b =16 in.

Max + Mu = 300 k-ft
Max - Mu = 435 k-ft
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Example Problem
Negative Moment
Calculate the moment term, where the bottom
section is in compression. Max Mu = 435 k-ft.
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Example Problem- Value
Determine the 1 term for the concrete
f c 4000
1 0.85 0.05
1000
4500 4000
0.85 0.05 0.825
1000
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Example Problem k
value
Calculate a desired k = c/d
k 0.275
Determine the Ru term for the concrete

1k
Ru 0.85 f c 1k 1
2
k
0.85 f c k 1 where, k 1k
2
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Example Problem
Design
From the design of the
M n bd Ru2
Determine the Ru term for the concrete
k 1k 0.825 0.275 0.2269
Ru 0.85 4.5 ksi 0.2269

1
0.2269

2
0.7694 ksi
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Example Problem
Design
The nominal moment is defined as
12 in
435 k-ft
Mu ft
Mn 5800 k-in.
0.9
The bd2 value will for design is
M n 5800 k-in
bd
2
7539 in 3
Ru 0.7694 ksi
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Example Problem
Design
Assume that the b = 0.65d so that
0.65d 7539 in d 22.63 in. Use d 22.5 in.

3 3
Determine the value for b

b 0.65d 0.65 22.63 in.
b 14.7 in Use d 15 in.
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Example Problem
Design
Determine h assuming a single layer of reinforcement
h d 2.5 in. 22.5 in. 2.5 in. 25.0 in.
Check to see if the estimate will work
16 in. 26 in. 15 in. 25 in. *100% 10.9%
15 in. 25 in.
Over-designed by 10.9 % so it will work but we
would need to go back an recalculate the weight
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Example Problem
Design
Calculate the actual value for k
Ru bd 2 M n
k Mu
0.85 f c k 1 2 bd
2

Mu
k
k 1 2
2 0.85 f cbd
Use the quadratic formula
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Example Problem
Check
Mu
2

k 1 1
0.85 f cbd 2
2 5800 k-in
1 1
0.85 4.5 ksi 15 in. 22.5 in.
2
0.225
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Example Problem
Check
k 0.225
k 0.273
1 0.825
Calculate the As required for the beam
a Mu
f y As d
2
Mu
k Mu
f y As d 1 As
2 k
fyd 1
27/04/17
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2 51
Example Problem
Check
Calculate the actual value for As
Mu
5800 k-in
As
k
0.225
fyd 1 60 ksi 22.5 in. 1
2 2
4.84 in 2
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Example Problem
Flange
The flange is in tension so the reinforcement, the
beff in tension must be computed according to ACI
10.6.6
beff compression from 8.10

beff tension smaller of
l 10
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Example Problem
Flange
The size of the flange in compression is from 8.10.2
of the ACI code, the beff in compression
L
4

beff comp bw 16hf
bactual

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Example Problem
Flange
The size of the flange in compression is from 8.10.2
of the ACI code, the beff in compression
12 in.
L 0.5 25 ft. 30 ft. ft
82.5 in.
4 4

beff comp bw 16hf 15 in. 16 6 in. 111 in.

12 in.
bactual 14 ft. 168 in.
ft

Use 82 in. for the compression flange.

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Example Problem
Flange
The flange is in tension so the reinforcement, the beff
in tension must be computed according to ACI 10.6.6
82 in.

beff tension smaller of 0.5 25 ft. 30 ft. 12 in.
ft 33 in.
10
Use 33 in. for beff in tension.

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Example Problem
Steel
Select the steel for the reinforcement at least 0.5 As
needs to be in the beff of the beam. Use 3 #8 bars and
8 # 5 bars, (which will give you 4 on each side.)
As 3 0.79 in 2 8 0.31 in 2 4.85 in 2
The As = 4.85 in2 > 4.84 in2 OK!
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Example Problem
Cover
Check to the value for d
d bar
d h cover dstirrup
2
1.0 in.
25 in. 1.5 in. 0.5 in.
2
22.5 in.
The d will work.
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Example Problem a
value
Calculate the new a using the equilibrium equations.
C T
As f y
0.85 f cba As f y a
0.85 f cb
a
4.84 in 2
60 ksi 5.07 in.
0.85 4.5 ksi 15 in.
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Example Problem
Strain
Check the strain condition for the beam
a 5.07 in.
c 6.15 in.
1 0.825
d c
s cu
c
22.5 in. 6.15 in.
0.003
6.15 in.
0.0080 0.005 Use = 0.9
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Example Problem Mn
Calculate the moment capacity of the beam
a 5.07 in.
M n As f y d 4.85 in 60 ksi 22.5 in.
2
2 2
5810 k-in.
Ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
M u M n 0.9 5810 k-in.

5228.8 k-in. 435.7 k-ft.
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Example Problem Amin
Calculate the minimum amount of steel
6 f c 6 4500
bw d
fy
15 in. 22.5 in. 2.26 in 2
60000

3 f c 3 4500
As,min smallest of beff d
82 in. 22.5 in. 6.19 in 2
f y 60000
largest of
200 200

f beff d 82 in. 22.5 in. 6.15 in 2
y 60000
Amin = 2.26 in2 < 4.85 in2 OK

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Example Problem
Summary
Summary of the beam with M 435 k-ft.
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Example Problem
Positive Moment
Calculate the + moment term, where the bottom
section is in compression. Max +Mu = 300 k-ft.
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Example Problem
Capacity
Calculate the moment capacity of the beam with
d= 22.5 in. and hf = 6 in.
hf
M n 0.85 f cbeff hf d
2
6 in.
0.85 4.5 ksi 82 in. 6 in. 22.5 in.
2
36, 697 k-in. 3058 k-ft.

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Example Problem Amin
The minimum amount of steel is
Amin
min Amin min bd
bd
3 f c 3 4500

eff

b d
82 in. 22.5 in. 6.19 in 2
fy 60000
As,min
200 200

beff d 82 in. 22.5 in. 6.15 in 2
fy 60000
Use A
27/04/17 s
= 6.19 in 2 wood4657@yahoo.es
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Example Problem a
value
So the beam can be designed as a singly reinforced
beam with the minimum amount of steel 5.91 in2.
C T
As f y
0.85 f cba As f y a
0.85 f cb
a
6.19 in 2
60 ksi 1.18 in.
0.85 4.5 ksi 82 in.
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Example Problem Mn
Compute the moment capacity of the beam with the
minimum amount of steel 6.19 in2.
a
M n As f y d
2
1.18 in.
6.19 in 60 ksi 22.5 in.
2

2
8136.6 k-in. 678.1 k-ft.

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Example Problem
Summary
Use 8 #8 bars As = 6.32 in2. Check to see that the
steel will fit. It will not be within 10% of the
ultimate moment capacity of the beam. However,
the minimum amount steel will preside.
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Lecture 12

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Lecture 12

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Lecture 12 Design(T-

Doubly reinforced beam with known dimensions,

k 1k 0.75 0.325 0.24375

Use d = 22.5 in. and b = 10 in.

0.02222 0.00702 0.0152

0.0152 0.02282 Compression steel has yielded.

c d 5.36 in. 2.5 in.

0.85 6 ksi 10 in. 0.75

5.0 in 60 ksi 1.58 in 49.49 ksi

455.4 k - ft. 435 k - ft. OK!

455.4 k - ft. 435 k - ft.

Using 5 #9 bars in a double layer configuration for the

Calculate controlling value for the

Assume that resulting section will be

Calculate d, since h is known

d h 2.5 in. For one layer of reinforcement.

Check whether the required nominal

If M u M f1 Use design procedure

Find nominal moment capacity that

Calculate depth of the compression

Find required reinforcement area, As (reqd)

Calculate the actual Mn for the section

Check whether As provided is within

When be (comp) > l/10 some longitudinal

One scenario when beff (tension) < beff (compression)

Do a preliminary geometric size based on the following:

Using estimated values h = 26 in. , b =16 in.

Determine the Ru term for the concrete

Determine the Ru term for the concrete

k 1k 0.825 0.275 0.2269

Ru 0.85 4.5 ksi 0.2269

The bd2 value will for design is

0.65d 7539 in d 22.63 in. Use d 22.5 in.

Determine the value for b

beff compression from 8.10

Use 82 in. for the compression flange.

Use 33 in. for beff in tension.

As 3 0.79 in 2 8 0.31 in 2 4.85 in 2

The As = 4.85 in2 > 4.84 in2 OK!

The d will work.

M u M n 0.9 5810 k-in.

Amin = 2.26 in2 < 4.85 in2 OK

36, 697 k-in. 3058 k-ft.

8136.6 k-in. 678.1 k-ft.

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