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Concept
Concept System-Level
System-Level Detail
Detail Testing
Testingand
and Production
Production
Planning
Planning Development Design Design Refinement Ramp-Up
Development Design Design Refinement Ramp-Up
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Definition
An approximation of the product
along one or more dimensions of
interest.
Physical prototypes vs. analytical
prototypes
Comprehensive (with all the
attributes of a product) vs. focused
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Four Uses of Prototypes
Learning
answering questions about performance or feasibility
e.g., proof-of-concept model
Communication
demonstration of product for feedback
e.g., 3D physical models of style or function
Integration
combination of sub-systems into system model
e.g., alpha or beta test models
Milestones
goal for development teams schedule
e.g., first testable hardware
Types of Prototypes
Physical
trackball mechanism
linked to circuit
Focused simulation Comprehensive
simulation
of trackball
circuits not
generally
feasible
equations
modeling ball
supports Analytical
Purposes vs. prototype types
Focused analytical
Learning
Focused physical
Learning and communication
Comprehensive physical
Learning, communication, integration, and
milestones.
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Prototype decision
(technical risk vs. prototype cost)
Low risk- low cost (e.g., printed matters)
No need for comprehensive prototypes
Low risk high cost (ships, buildings)
Cant afford comprehensive prototype.
High risk low cost (software)
Many comprehensive prototypes
High risk high cost (airplanes, satellites)
Use analytical models extensively
Carefully planned comprehensive prototypes
Sell the first unit
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Physical vs. Analytical Prototypes
Physical Prototypes Analytical Prototypes
Tangible approximation of Mathematical model of the
the product. product.
May exhibit unmodeled Can only exhibit behavior
behavior. arising from explicitly modeled
phenomena. (However,
Some behavior may be an behavior is not always
artifact of the anticipated.
approximation. Some behavior may be an
Often best for artifact of the analytical
communication. method.
Often allow more experimental
freedom than physical models.
Focused vs. Comprehensive Prototypes
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Boeing 777 Testing
Brakes Test
Minimum rotor thickness
Maximum takeoff weight
Maximum runway speed
Will the brakes ignite?
Wing Test
Maximum loading
When will it break?
Where will it break?
Comprehensive Prototypes
Many comprehensive Some comprehensive
prototypes are built. prototypes build (and sold?).
High
Technical or Market Risk
Low High
Cost of Comprehensive Prototype
Prototyping Strategy
Use prototypes to reduce uncertainty.
Make models with a defined purpose.
Consider multiple forms of prototypes.
Choose the timing of prototype cycles.
Many early models are used to validate concepts.
Relatively few comprehensive models are necessary
to test integration.
Plan time to learn from prototype cycles.
Avoid the hardware swamp.
Prototype technologies
Traditional prototyping methods
3D computer modeling
Free-form fabrication
Stereolithography
Using various materials including wax, resin, paper,
ceramics, and metals.
Lamination
Using paper cut, lay by layer
Rapid prototyping
Laser curing (solidifying) soft materials such as resin, layer
by layer
3D printing
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Traditional Prototyping Methods
CNC machining
Rubber molding + urethane casting