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UNIT-I
SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS
MR PAWAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
Introduction
0.9 in.
R2 x 5000 1500
3.0 in.
R2 1500
V0 VT x 5.0 V 1.5 V
RT 5000
EXAMPLE 2
R2 R4
VE VR2 VE 4 VT VT
R1 R 2 R3 R 4
3000 2500
(5V ) (5V ) 0.5 V
5000 5000
Potentiometers
Potentiometer a three-terminal resistor whose
value can be adjusted (within set limits) by the
user
Rac = Rab + Rbc
EGR 101
Construction
Potentiometer Taper
low-power applications
Multiturn Potentiometers
32
EGR 101
Gang Mounted Potentiometers
33
EGR 101
2-Strain Gauge Transducers
(3)
Robert Hooke pointed out in the seventeenth century
that for many common materials there is a constant,
ratio between stress and strain.
Strain Gauge Transducers(contd)
Where
S = the stress in kilograms per Square meter
F = the force in kilograms
A = the area in square meters
Strain Gauge Transducers(contd)
EXAMPLE 3
A resistant strain gauge with a gauge factor of 2 is
fastened to a steel member, which is subjected to a
strain of 1 X 10-6. If the original resistance value of
the gauge is 130 . Calculate the change in resistance.
Solution
R / R R / R
K
L / L G
R KGR (2) (1x10 6 ) (130) 260
Example 4
Solution: 2 2
D 0.02 m
A( 3.14 x 10 4 m 2
2 2
S F/A
E
G L / L
FL 33.000kg x 0.40m
L 4 2 10 2
0
AE (3.14 x 10 m ) (2 x 10 kg / m )
2.1 x 10 3 m
Strain Gauge Transducers(contd)
Where
c and k =constants of the thermocouple materials
T1 =the temperature of the "hot" junction
T2 =the temperature of the "cold" or "reference" junction
Fig (10) Thermocouples and thermocouple assemblies. (a) Uninsulated thermocouple. (b) Insulated
thermocouple. (c) Probe assembly. (d) Thermocouple well.
Fig (11) Calibration curves for several thermocouple combinations.
Thermistors
Fig (13) thermistor configuration and the electrical symbol for a thermistor. (Courtesy Yellow Springs
Instrument Company, Yellow Springs, Ohio.)
A thermistor in one leg of a Whetstone bridge
circuit will provide pre temperature information.
In most applications accuracy is limited only by
readout device.
VT 15V
I 3.73 mA
At 150F the graph shows
RT 4000 17the
3thermistor
resistance
to be 950. The meter reading at this temperature,
therefore, should be
VT 15V
I 15.5 mA
RT 950 17 3