Electrical

Engineering

Islamabad

EEE351
Principles of Communication Systems
Lecture No. 1
Dr. Riaz Hussain
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad
 Review
Introduction to course and course material
Objectives?
What will be covered in PCS?
OBE
PEO
PLOs
CLOs
Washington Accord
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 Outline
Communication Systems
Analog and Digital Messages
Channel Effect, Signal to Noise Ratio, And
Capacity
Modulation and Detection
Digital Source Coding And Error Correction Coding
A Brief Historical Review of Telecommunications

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 Must Reading
Chapter No. 1: INTRODUCTION

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 Communication
Main purpose is to transfer information from a
source to destination (sink) via a channel or a
medium.

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 Communication Systems

Transmitted Received
Signal
Input Transmitt Signal
Transduc Channel Receiver Output
er
Input er Input Transduc
Message Signal Original er Output
Signal Message

Attenuates & Distorts: Linear

Non-linear
Distortion Can be
Increases with corrected
& Noise
length through
Frequency dependent
Equalizer
gains
Multipath effects Corruption along the path by
Doppler Shift undesirable interference and
disturbance
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 Communication Systems
A source originates a message, such as a human voice, a
television picture, a teletype message.

The message is converted by an input transducer into an

electrical waveform (baseband signal).

The transmitter modifies the baseband for efficient

transmission.

The channel is a medium such as a coaxial cable, an optical

fiber, a radio link.

The receiver processes the signal received to undo modifications

made at the transmitter and the channel.

The output transducer convert the signal into the original form
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 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems
Basic Definitions:
Analog Information Source:
An analog information source produces messages which are
defined on a continuum. (E.g. :Microphone)

Digital Information Source:

A digital information source produces a finite set of possible
messages. (E.g. :Typewriter)

x(t) x(t)

t t
Analog Digital

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 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems

A digital communication system transfers information from a

digital source to the intended receiver (also called the sink).

An analog communication system transfers information from

an analog source to the sink.

A digital waveform is defined as a function of time that can

have a discrete set of amplitude values.

An Analog waveform is a function that has a continuous

range of values.

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 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems

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 Analog and Digital Messages
Message are digital or analogue
Digital messages are constructed with a finite
number of symbols.
Example:
Morse-coded telegraph message.
Analog messages are characterized by data
whose values vary over a continuous range
Example:
Temperature of a certain location.

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 Digital Systems
Digital Vs. Analog

+5 +5

1 0 1
V V
Time Time

5 5

Digital: Analog:
only assumes discrete values values vary over a broad range
continuously

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 Digital Systems continued 2
Signal examples over time
Time

Continuous in
Analog value & time

Digital
Discrete in
Asynchronous
value &
continuous in
time
Synchronous Discrete in
with the clock value & time
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 Digital Systems continued 3
Advantages: Evolution of Wireless
Communication:
Cheap electronic circuitry AMPS
GSM
Easier to calibrate and adjust
UMTS
LTE/LTE-A
Immunity to noise
Noise margin
Analog Systems Use: Repeaters Noise added
Digital Systems Use:
Regenerative Repeaters
Sender Receiver

Signal Signal

Thus digital systems have

captured the market
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 Digital Transmission
Digital signal are more robust to noise
An analog signal is converted to a digital signal by
means of an analog to digital (A/D) converter.

The signal m(t) is first sampled in the time domain.

The amplitude of the signal samples ms(kT) is
partitioned into a finite number of intervals
(quantization).
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 Analog to Digital Conversion

After A/D conversion original analog

message is represented by a
sequence of samples
Sampling Theorem: L quantization levels
PCM
If the highest frequency in the signal spectrum is
B, the signal can be reconstructed from its samples
taken at a rate not less than 2B samples per second.
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 Bandwidth(B), Signal Power (S)
Bandwidth(B) of a channel is the range of frequencies it
can transmit with reasonable fidelity.
e.g. if a channel can transmit a signal whose frequencies range
from 0 to 5000 Hz then B = 5KHz
Increasing the transmission rate by compressing the signal
will increase the requirement of the B.
Signal Power(S):
First, increasing the Signal Power will reduce the effect of Noise
on it. Larger SNR allows transmission over longer distance.
Second role of signal power is that S and B are exchangeable e.g.
using 16 different pulses for each level or a group of four binary
pulses can be used to transmit each sample

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 Channel Capacity
i.e. To maintain a given rate and accuracy of information the
bandwidth (B) and signal power (S)can be traded off
e.g.:
Telephone channels have limited Bandwidth but a lot of Power
Space vehicles have infinite bandwidth but power is limited.

Shannon Equation helps us in finding the capacity of

Upper bound on the capacity
the channel AWGN Channel
No channel distortion except
AWGN

C is also known as rate of information transmission

per second
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 Modulation
Process of varying a carrier signal in order to use that
signal to convey information
Carrier signal can transmit far away, but information cannot
Modem: amplitude, phase, and frequency
Analog: AM, amplitude, FM, frequency, Vestigial sideband
modulation

Digital: mapping digital information to

different constellation:
e.g.: Frequency-shift key (FSK)

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 Modulation (...cont.)
The basic idea here is to superimpose the message signal in analog form on a carrier
which is a sinusoid of the form

Acos(wt + )

Three quantities can be varied in proportion to the modulating signal:

Amplitude
Frequency Angle
Phase

Why Modulate a Signal?

Antenna size, a major concern
The radiating antenna should be one tenth or more of the wavelength
For a speech signal (100 to 3000 Hz) corresponding wavelength will be 100 to 3000 km
For 1MHz signal you need antenna size of only 30 meter
= c / f where c = 3x108 m/s
Multiplexing, allows simultaneous transmission of several signals
e.g. FDM, TDM

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 Once a particular modulated
Comparative Analysissignal
of Analog
has beenandisolated,
Digital the
demodulator converts the
Communication
carrier variation of amplitude or
angle back into a baseband
Analog Communication: Transmitter and Receiver
signal voltage
Receiver
Transmitter
Wireless
Channel
Modulator DeMod

MUX DEMUX DeMod

Modulator
(FDM) (Tuner)

Modulator DeMod

Recovered Messages
Modulated Signal
Message Signals

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 Comparative Analysis of Analog and Digital
Communication ( cntd.)
Digital Communication: Transmitter
From Other
Channels

1010010 10110 01101

Analog to Source
Encrypt Multiplex
Digital Encode
Analog Converter Bits Encoded Bits Encrypted
input Data
01101
Multiplexed 01010
Data
10101
Pulse Channel Scrambled
Digital Bandpass modulated Encoded data
waveform waveform Data
Bandpass Bit to Sym. Channel
modulate & Pulse Encode Scrambler
Modulate
1001101 10001

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 Comparative Analysis of Analog and Digital
Communication ( cntd.)
Digital Communication: Receiver

Digital Bandpass Digital Channel

waveform Baseband Bits Decoded
waveform Equalizer, Data
De-modulate Channel De-scramble
Timing and
Decode
Sym. to Bits 01101

Descrambled
Bits 10001

Source De-
Decrypted
Decoded multiplexed
Bits
Bits Bits
Source
D/A De-
Analog Decode Decrypt
10110 Multiplex
output 1010010
To other
Channels
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 Digital Signal Nomenclature
Information Source:
Discrete output values e.g. Keyboard
Analog signal source e.g. output of a microphone
Character:
Member of an alphanumeric/symbol (A to Z, 0 to 9)
Characters can be mapped into a sequence of binary digits using one of the
standardized codes such as
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange
EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
Digital Message
Messages constructed from a finite number of symbols; e.g., printed
language consists of 26 letters, 10 numbers, space and several punctuation
marks. Hence a text is a digital message constructed from about 50 symbols
Morse-coded telegraph message is a digital message constructed from two
symbols Mark and Space

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Digital Signal Nomenclature (cntd.)

M - ary
A digital message constructed with M symbols
Digital Waveform
Current or voltage waveform that represents a digital symbol
Bit Rate
Actual rate at which information is transmitted per second
Baud Rate
Refers to the rate at which the signaling elements are transmitted,
i.e. number of signaling elements per second.
Bit Error Rate
The probability that one of the bits is in error or simply the
probability of error

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Digital Source Coding and Error Correction Coding

SNR and Bandwidth determine the performance of a

communication system
Digital Systems
Unlike analog, adopts aggressive measures to lower the source data
rate and fights against channel noise
Source Coding: To generate fewest bits possible for a given
message
Error Correction Coding: To combat errors due to distortion and
noise by introducing redundancy

Source Coding and Error Correction Coding are two

successive stages in digital communication system

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Historical Review of Modern Telecommunication

Communication at distance
Foot
Horseback
Smoke signals
Heliography (sunlight reflective mirrors, digitial comm)

Codewords
Special personnel on hill top for regenerative repeaters
Reflectors: amplifier and antenna

Few bits per hour

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 Historical Review of Modern Telecommunication
(cntd)

Communication at distance
Semaphore: Human figure with flags in both hands often with
the aid of telescope
Telegraph: Extension of semaphore (Electric Telegraph)
LoS: Optical Limitation

Faraday: Induction of electrical current by change in

maganetic field
Optical Fiber: X

Grahm Bells telephone (live signal) Wireless

AM
Marconis telegraphy system and then wireless
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