UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE

COLOMBIA
SEDE MANIZALES

Introduction to AC Rotating Machines

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 AC Machines

Ac Rotating machines can be classified as:

Synchronous machines: are motors and
generators whose magnetic field current
is supplied by a separate de power
source.

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 AC Machines

Ac Rotating machines (cont.):

Induction machines: are motors and
generators whose field current is
supplied by magnetic induction
(transformer action) into their field
windings.

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 Induction motors
Stator construction
Laminated iron core with slots

Coils are placed in the slots to

form a three or single phase
winding

Squirrel-cage rotor construction

Laminated Iron core with slots

Metal bars are molded in the

slots
Two rings short circuits the
bars
The bars are slanted to
reduce noise

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 Two-pole, single-phase synchronous
generator

360Mechanical degrees
360 Electrical degrees 16
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 Space distribution of flux density and
generated voltage

(a) Space distribution of flux density and

(b) corresponding waveform of the generated voltage
for the single-phase generator.

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 Schematic view
of a simple, four-pole,
single-phase synchronous generator

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 Space distribution of the air-gap flux density
in a idealized, four-pole synchronous generator.

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 Synchronous machines

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 Synchronous generators

L. Serrano: Fundamentos
de mquinas elctricas
rotativas

L. Serrano: Fundamentos
de mquinas elctricas
rotativas

L. Serrano:
Fundamentos de
mquinas elctricas
rotativas

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 Synchronous generators

Mulukutla S. Sarma:
Electric machines
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 Synchronous motors

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 Synchronous machines

Salient pole rotor construction

The poles are bolted to the shaft.

Each pole has a DC winding.
The DC winding is connected to the slip-rings (not
shown).
A DC source supplies the winding with DC through
brushes pressed into the slip ring.
A fan is installed on the shaft to assure air
circulation and effective cooling.

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 Synchronous machines

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 Synchronous machines

Construction
Low speed, large
hydro-generators may
have more than one
hundred poles.

These generators are

frequently mounted
vertically.

The picture shows a

large, horizontally
arranged machine.

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 Synchronous machines
Elementary two-pole cylindrical-rotor
field winding.

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 Synchronous machines
Round rotor

The round rotor is

used for large high
speed (3600rpm)
machines.

A forged iron core (not

laminated) is installed
on the shaft.

Slots are milled in the

iron and insulated
copper bars are
placed in the slots.

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 Synchronous machines
Rotor Details

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 Synchronous machines

Round rotor

Steel ring

Shaft

Wedges

DC current terminals

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 Schematic views of three-phase
generators
(a) two-pole
(b) four-pole
(c) Y connection of the windings.

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 Synchronous machines

Stator Construction

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 Synchronous machines

Stator Construction Construction

The picture shows the laminated

iron core and the slots (empty and
with winding).
The winding consists of copper
bars insulated with mica and
epoxy resin.
The conductors are secured by
steel wedges.
empty slots

insulated
winding

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 Synchronous machines

empty slots

insulated
winding

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 Synchronous machines

Coil
Coil end windings are
bent
bent to
to form
form the
the
armature
armature winding.
winding.

Fotografas realizadas en los

talleres de ABB Service - Gijn

Part
Part of
of the
the coil
coil which will to be placed
inside
inside the slot
slot

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 Synchronous machines

Stator details Iron core

Coils are placed in
slots
Coil
Slots

End winding

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 INDUCTION MOTORS

Stator Construction

The figure shows typical

stator coil construction.
Stator winding construction
The coil is wound on a
form using insulated
(enamel) copper
conductors. coil end
Tape-wound
The coil is insulated bycoil insulation
coil sides
insulating tape.
The insulated coil is placed
in the stator slots. Tape-wound
The two sides of the coil coil insulation
are approximately 180o
electrical degree apart. coil end
coil leads
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 INDUCTION MOTORS

coil end

coil sides

coil leads

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 Ideal Machine

For simplicity in the following analysis an ideal

machine will be assumed:
This ideal machine has an uniform air gap
(a perfect cylindrical rotor).
The length of its air gap is negligible.

Permeability of magnetic material is infinite

The armature winding consist of only a

single N-turn full-pitch (or one pole-pitch)
coil placed in diametrically opposite slots.
A coil which spans 180 electrical

degrees is known as a full-pitch coil.

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 Ideal Machine

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 Ideal Machine

(a) Schematic view

of flux
produced by a
concentrated,
full-pitch
winding in a
machine with a
uniform air gap.

(b) The air-gap

mmf produced
by current in
this winding.

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 FOURIER SERIES

A Fourier series decomposes periodic function f(t) into

the sum of a (possibly infinite) set of simple oscillating
functions (sines and cosines or complex exponentials)
[wikipedia].

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 FOURIER SERIES

Where the coefcients a0 , a1, b1, b2 are

computed by:
T
2
a0
T f (t ) dt
0
T
2
an
T f (t ) cos n t dt
0
0

T
2
bn
T f (t ) sin n t dt
0
0

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 Fourier Series and Symmetry
Symmetry can make the work a lot easier:
Even Functions if f(t) = f(-t)
For an even function, the

coefficient s bn= 0
An even function has only cosine
terms in its Fourier expansion

Odd Functions if f(t)= -f(-t)

For an even function, the

coefficient s an= 0
An odd function has only sine
terms in its Fourier
expansion.

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 Fourier Series and Symmetry

Half-wave symmetry: A periodic function

possesses half-wave symmetry if it satisfies
the constraint f(t)= - f(t+(T/2))
The expression for the Fourier

coefficients are: a0 , ak, and bk are zero

for k even.

F(t)

t
-A

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 FOURIER SERIES

Find the Fourier series of the function F(t).

F(t)

t
-A

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 Ideal Machine

The air-gap mmf and

radial component
of Hag for a
concentrated
full-pitch winding.

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings
The coils forming a phase winding occuping
adjacent slots will be phase-displaced from
one another by the slot angle separating
them.
E.g.: for a four coil distributed winding

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

MMF produced by the

first coil of a distributed
winding

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

M M F

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

MMF produced by all

the four coils

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

Resulting MMF

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

Resulting MMF

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings
Having distributed windings (windings that are
spread over a number of slots) instead of
concentrated ones allows to:
A more efficient use of stator.

Final voltage with less harmonic contents.

It has q coils per phase under each pole
(a phase beld).
The resulting induced voltage is less than
in concentrated winding (the winding
voltage is the phasor sum vrs. arithmetic
sum for concentrated winding).
A factor kd defines the ratio beetwen those
sums.
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 MMF Of Distributed Windings
The mmf of one phase of a
distributed two-pole, three-
phase winding with full-pitch
coils.

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings
In the expression for the fundamental
component of the MMF wave we have:
N represents the number of turns of the
phase-belt, it means all the turns of the
same phase under a pair of poles.

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

The air-gap mmf of a

distributed winding on
the rotor of a round-rotor
generator.

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

Phasor sum of the q coils MMF

kd
Arithmetic sum of the q coils MMF

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

In order to show how the kd factor is

obtained it will be used the four full-pitch
coils:

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings
Those vectors are inside a circle:

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

Where q is the
number of coils
in the distributed
winding

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

Using a
bisector of
alpha ()

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

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 MMF Of Distributed Windings

The air-gap mmf of a

distributed winding on
the rotor of a round-rotor
generator.

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 Short-Pitch Windings
In short-pitch windings the coils span less than 180
electrical degrees.
They are also called: fractional-pitch or chorded
windings

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 Short-Pitch Windings
Fractional-pitch windings can reduce significantly
certain harmonics in the MMF distribution as well as
the induced voltage.
They have a different MMF signal for north pole than
for south pole
Rotor
Stator

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 Short-Pitch Windings
In order to have a symmetrical MMF resultant
wave, it is necessary to have another short-
pitch coil of the same phase to compensate as
it is shown in the figure:

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 Short-Pitch Windings
Those short-pitch coils will produce the
following MMF waves:
Rotor
Stator

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 Short-Pitch Windings

The final MMF will be:

Rotor
Stator

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 Short-Pitch Windings

Rotor
Stator

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 Short-Pitch Windings
For the coil in the figure; the pitch factor (kp)
could be obtained as:

Short pitch coil

MMF produced or voltage induced in short pitch coil

kp
MMF produced or voltage induced in full pitch coil sides
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 Short-Pitch Windings

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 Short-Pitch Windings

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 Short-Pitch Windings

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 Full-Pitch Windings
Schematic view of a simple, four-pole,
single-phase synchronous generator

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 Full-Pitch Windings
Schematic views of three-phase generators:
(a) two-pole,
(b) four-pole
(c) Y connection of the windings (four pole).

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 Full-Pitch Windings

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 Exercise

The stator of a three-phase machine has nine slots per

pole and carries a balanced three-phase, double layer
winding. The coils are short-pitched and the coil pitch is
7/9 of the full pitch. Determine the winding factor.

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 Generated Voltage
Cross-sectional view of an elementary three-phase
ac machine.

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 Exercise

A three-phase, star connected synchronous machine has

four poles, which produce a space flux density distribution as
follows:
B()= 1 cos + 0.4 cos 3 + 0.2 cos 5

The stator has 36 slots and a balanced three phase double

layer winding. The coil pitch is 140. Determine in terms of the
rms fundamental voltage E1:
The rms value of the phase voltage VLN
The rms value of the line to line voltages VLL

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 Generated Voltage (exercise)
A two-pole, three-phase, Y-connected 60-Hz round-rotor
synchronous generator has a field winding with Nf distributed
turns and winding factor kf. The armature winding has Na turns
per phase and winding factor ka. The air-gap length is g, and
the mean air-gap radius is r. The armature-winding active
length is L. The dimensions and winding data are:
Nf = 68 series turns; kf= 0.945

Na = 18 series turns/phase; kw= 0.933

r = 0.53 m; g = 4.5 cm; L= 3.8m
The rotor is driven by a steam turbine at a speed of 3600
r/min. For a field current of If = 720 A dc, compute: (a) the peak
fundamental mmf (Fag1)peak produced by the field winding, (b) the
peak fundamental flux density (Bag1)peak in the air gap, (c) the
fundamental flux per pole p, and (d) the rms value of the open-
circuit voltage generated in the armature.
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 MMF Waves in AC Machines

MMF wave in single phase winding (ideal

machine)

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 MMF Waves in AC Machines

When the ideal machine is excited by a sinusoidally

varing current in time at electrical frequency e :

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 MMF Wave in AC Machines

The fundamental harmonic is fixed in time with an amplitude

that varies sinusoidally (a pulsating wave):

4 kw N phase p
F1 cos a i a
p 2

where :
i a I max cos et
kW kd kp (winding factor)

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 MMF Wave in AC Machines

Using a common trigonometric identity:

coscos= 0,5(cos [-]+cos [+])

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 MMF Wave in AC Machines

Using a common trigonometric identity:

coscos= 0,5(cos [-]+cos [+])

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 MMF Wave in AC Machines
Single-phase-winding
space-fundamental
air-gap mmf:
(a) mmf distribution of
a single-phase
winding at various
times
(b) Total mmf Fag1
decomposed into two
traveling wavesF
and F +
(c) Phasor
decomposition
of Fag1.

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

An ideal two-pole;
three-phase stator
winding.

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines
Instantaneous phase
currents under balanced
three-phase conditions.

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

t= 0

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

t= 60

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

t= 120

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

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 Problemas

Repetir el anlisis del campo magntico en

el entrehierro si dos de las fases se
intercambian.
Analizar el caso de un estator trifsico en el
cul se ha desconectado una de las fases.
Repetir el procedimiento analtico y
enocontrar las resultantes de campo
magntico en el entrehierro.

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 101
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