2.klasifikasi Kemahiran & Pengukuran Prestasi

The Clasification Of Motor
Skills
1. One Dimension Classification System
2. Two Gentiles Dimension Taxonomy
3. The Sixteen Skill Categories
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01/05/17 fakulti sains sukan & kejurulatihan UPSI 1
ONE DIMENSION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
1. Size of primary musculature required

- large and small muscles
Two categories:
a. Gross motor skills - require the use of large
musculature to achieve the goal of the skills
e.g. walking, jumping
b. Fine motor skills - require control of small muscles to
achieve the goal of the skill
e.g. skills involving hand/eye coordination
The benefit of a continuum approach to skill classification

Some motor skills involve both types to achieve the
action goal and would be located between the two
points
2. Specificity of Where Actions Begin or End
Two main categories:
a. Discrete motor skills - specified beginning and

end points, usually require a simple movement,
control by movement
e.g. forward roll in gymnastic
b. Continuous motor skills - arbitrary beginning and

end points; usually involve repetitive movements,
decide by performer
e.g. running
2. Specificity of Where Actions Begin or End
Combination category
Serial motor skills

Involve a continuous series of discrete skills
e.g. high jump, 10m platform jump

3. Stability of the Environmental Context

Two main concepts:
a. Closed motor skills involve a stationary

supporting surface, object, and/or other people;
performer determines when to begin the action
e.g. gymnastic, free throw in basketball
b. Open motor skill involve supporting surface,
object, and/or other people in motion;
environment features determines when to begin
the action
e.g. catching a thrown ball

TWO GENTILES DIMENSION
TAXONOMY
Environmental Context The Function of the Action
Body Object
Regulatory Intertrial Orientation: the Manipulation:
condition variability changing for change or
maintaining of maintaining the
body location position of an
Stationary (body stability, object (ball, tool,
In-motion body transport other person)

A skill category continuum for open
and closed motor skill
Completely Completely
closed skill open skill
Stationary Stationary In Motion In Motion

No intertrial Intertrial No Intertrial Intertrial
variability variability variability variability
Refer Richard A. Magill page 12 - 16

Summary of the 2 Dimensions
4 characteristics can describe any motor skill:
2 Environmental context characteristics

1. Are the regulatory conditions stationary or in motion?
2. Do the regulatory conditions change from trial to trial?
2 Action function characteristics

1. Does the action goal require maintaining the body in
the same location or transporting the body from one
place to another?
2. Is an object manipulated?

Practical Uses of Gentiles Taxonomy
1. Guide for evaluating motor performance
capabilities, limitations, and deficiencies
2. Systematic basis for selecting progressions of

functionally appropriate activities to :
- increase performance capabilities
- overcome performance deficiencies
3. Chart persons progress developing a profile

of competencies

The sixteen skill Categories
Combination of 4 environmental context

characteristics and the 4 action function
characteristics
* Refer Richard A. Magill page 12 - 16

Characteristics of Gentiles Taxonomy
Each category puts different demands on the
performer
Skill complexity basis for taxonomy organization
From simplest [#1A] diagonally to most complex
[#4D]
Complexity increases when a motor skill involves one
or more of the following:
Open environment
Trial-to-trial variability
Object to manipulate
Body transport

PENGUKURAN PRESTASI
MOTOR
MASA REAKSI KINEMATIK &

KINETIK
PENGUKURAN
KESILAPAN

MASA REAKSI
(REACTION TIME)
Petunjuk kepada kecekapan sistem aksi
Model Pemprosesan Maklumat

Komponen pemprosesan yang bertindak sebagai
petunjuk kepada kecekapan proses mental individu
Information Processing Model
Processing component that acts as an indicator of the
efficiency of individual mental processes

Model Ekologi
Petunjuk kepada kematangan sistem persepsi terhadap
hubung kait sistematik persekitaran kinematik
Ecological model
An indication of the maturity of perception system towards
relationships of environmental - kinematic

Masa Reaksi : merujuk kepada masa penerimaan
rangsangan sehingga bermulanya respon yang
paling awal
Reaction time: refer to the time of receipt of the

stimulus until the onset of the earliest response

PARADIGMA MASA REAKSI
(reaction time paradigm)
MULA AKHIR
ISYARAT RANGSANGAN
PERGERAKAN PERGERAKAN
A B C D

A Tempoh Awal di antara selepas terima isyarat sehingga
terima rangsangan
B Masa pra-motor tempoh di antara selepas terima

rangsangan tapi sistem belum berfungsi
- diandai berlaku proses mental (pemilihan
respon)
C Masa motor tempoh mula pergerakan selepas terima

rangsangan (ada aktiviti otot)
B + C Masa reaksi
D Masa pergerakan mula bergerak hingga tamat pergerakan
E Masa gerak balas masa dari mula terima rangsangan

hingga tamat pergerakan

JENIS-JENIS MASA REAKSI
Masa Reaksi Ringkas Masa Reaksi Pilihan Masa Reaksi Diskriminasi

(simple reaction time) (choice reaction time) (discrimination reaction time)
Masa reaksi di mana Masa reaksi di mana Masa reaksi di mana situasi
situasi yg melibatkan situasi yg melibatkan lebih yg melibatkan lebih drpd satu
hanya satu isyarat dan drpd satu isyarat dan isyarat tetapi hanya satu
satu respon saja setiap isyarat mempunyai respon, di mana hanya kpd
diperlukan respon yang spesifik satu isyarat saja, isyarat lain
diabaikan
(Reaction time where a (Reaction time in which
situation involving only situations involving more (Reaction time where
one signal and a than one signal and each situations involving more than
response time required) signal has a specific one signal, but only one
response) response, which just to one
signal only, other signals
ignored)
PENGUKURAN KESILAPAN
Pengukuran kesilapan membolehkan

kita untuk menilai sejauh mana
ketepatan prestasi sesuatu lakuan
terhadap matlamat aksi

Menilai Kesilapan untuk Matlamat Aksi satu Dimensi
(Evaluating Errors for Action goal one Dimensions)
Tiga pengukuran kesilapan untuk menilai

ciri-ciri umum ketepatan sesuatu prestasi
melalui lakuan berulang
Absolute error: perbezaan mutlak di antara
prestasi sebenar setiap percubaan dengan
matlamat
Memberikan indeks umum tentang ketepatan
Absolute error: the absolute difference

between the actual performance of each trial
with the goal of
Provide a general index of the accuracy
(tiga pengukuran kesilapan, samb)

Constant error: indeks kecenderungan
palaku untuk lakukan kesilapan secara
terus. Guna simbol (+ / -) sebagai
pembahagi kepada sasaran
Constant error: index tendency of
performer to makes error directly. Use
symbols (+ / -) as a separator of the target

(tiga pengukuran kesilapan, samb)

Variable error: mengukur konsistensi
prestasi dengan mengira sisihan piawai
skor CE
Variable error: consistency measure

performance by calculating the standard
deviation of CE scores

Mengukur Kinematik
(measuring kinematics)
Kinematik: menerangkan tentang pergerakan tanpa
mengabaikan kehadiran daya atau jisim
(Kinematics: describes the movement without neglecting
the presence of force or mass)
Includes the following:
Perubahan kedudukan / Displacement (spatial position
of a limb or joint over a period of time)
Halaju / Velocity (rate of change in an object position
with respect to time)
Pecutan / Acceleration (change in velocity during
movement)
Pergerakan Linear dan Bersudut / Linear and angular
motion (motion in a straight line or motion along the
axis of rotation)
Kinetik vs. Kinematik
Kinetik merujuk kepada kajian tentang
peranan daya yang menghasilkan
pergerakan
Kinematik merujuk kepada penerangan
tentang pergerakan tanpa mengambil
kira sebab berlakunya pergerakan
tersebut
Pergerakan manusia melibatkan kedua-
dua sumber daya; dalam dan luaran

Kinetik vs. Kinematik (samb)
Ketiga-tiga Hukum Newton, hukum

pergerakan merujuk kepada daya
Kesan daya ke atas putaran dikenali

sebagai daya putaran (joint torque)

Kaedah-kaedah lain pengukuran
prestasi motor
EMG
BRAIN ACTIVITY MEASURE
EEG
PET
Fmri
MEASURING COORDINATION

Kebolehan (ability) & Kebolehan
Motor (motor ability)
ability
sifat umum (general characteristics)
Perbezaan individu (individual differences)
Motor ability keupayaan yang spesifik dengan
pretasi kemahiran motor (specific ability with
motor skills performance)
Taksonomi keupayaan motor (Motor ability
taxonomy)
Taksonomi Fleishman (Fleishman Taxonomy)
Perceptual motor abilities
Physical proficeincy abilities
Ability
A general trait or capacity of a
person
Relatively enduring characteristic
Serves as a determinant of a
persons achievement potential for
the performance of specific skills
Motor Ability
An ability that is specifically related
to the performance of a motor skill
Each person has a variety of motor
01/05/17
abilities fakulti
sains sukan & kejurulatihan UPSI 28
Motor abilities establish
achievement potentials for specific
motor skills
Each motor skill requires specific
motor abilities to successfully

perform
If 2 people it same
have the
Amount of practice

Level and amount of instruction

Motivation to perform the skill

Then - Motor abilities will influence the level of
performance success each person can/will achieve
Relating Motor Abilities to
Motor Skill Performance
The Tennis Serve Example
[see Figure 3.2 p. 59]
3 levels of analysis of this skill:
The motor skill (tennis serve)
The components of the skill
The motor abilities underlying the performance

of the skills components


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The Clasification Of Motor

2. Two Gentiles Dimension Taxonomy

3. The Sixteen Skill Categories

roshdan ahmad jabatan sains senam

1. Size of primary musculature required

The benefit of a continuum approach to skill classification

2. Specificity of Where Actions Begin or End

Two main categories:

a. Discrete motor skills - specified beginning and

b. Continuous motor skills - arbitrary beginning and

Serial motor skills

roshdan ahmad jabatan sains senam

3. Stability of the Environmental Context

a. Closed motor skills involve a stationary

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Environmental Context The Function of the Action

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Stationary Stationary In Motion In Motion

Refer Richard A. Magill page 12 - 16

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2 Environmental context characteristics

2 Action function characteristics

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2. Systematic basis for selecting progressions of

3. Chart persons progress developing a profile

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Combination of 4 environmental context

* Refer Richard A. Magill page 12 - 16

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roshdan ahmad jabatan sains senam

MASA REAKSI KINEMATIK &

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Model Pemprosesan Maklumat

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Reaction time: refer to the time of receipt of the

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B Masa pra-motor tempoh di antara selepas terima

C Masa motor tempoh mula pergerakan selepas terima

D Masa pergerakan mula bergerak hingga tamat pergerakan

E Masa gerak balas masa dari mula terima rangsangan

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Masa Reaksi Ringkas Masa Reaksi Pilihan Masa Reaksi Diskriminasi

Pengukuran kesilapan membolehkan

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Tiga pengukuran kesilapan untuk menilai

Absolute error: the absolute difference

(tiga pengukuran kesilapan, samb)

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(tiga pengukuran kesilapan, samb)

Variable error: consistency measure

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roshdan ahmad jabatan sains senam

Ketiga-tiga Hukum Newton, hukum

Kesan daya ke atas putaran dikenali

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roshdan ahmad jabatan sains senam

motor abilities to successfully

The motor skill (tennis serve)

The components of the skill

The motor abilities underlying the performance

roshdan ahmad jabatan sains senam