Different Types of Antibiotics

Presented by: Dr. Sandy Hussein

What are antibiotics ?
Antibiotics are a group of medicines that are used to treat infections
caused by germs (bacteria and certain parasites). A parasite is a type of
germ that needs to live on or in another living being (host). Antibiotics are
sometimes called antibacterials or antimicrobials. Antibiotics can be taken
by mouth as liquids, tablets, or capsules, or they can be given by injection.
Usually, people who need to have an antibiotic by injection are in hospital
because they have a severe infection. Antibiotics are also available as
creams, ointments, or lotions to apply to the skin to treat certain skin
infections.
It is important to remember that antibiotics only work against infections
that are caused by bacteria and certain parasites. They do not work against
infections that are caused by viruses (for example, the common cold or
flu), or fungi (for example, thrush in the mouth or vagina), or fungal
infections of the skin.
Occasionally, a viral infection or minor bacterial infection develops into a
more serious secondary bacterial infection.
How do antibiotics work?
Some antibiotics work by killing germs (bacteria or the parasite). This
is often done by interfering with the structure of the cell wall of the
bacterium or parasite (Bactericidal ). Some work by stopping bacteria
or the parasite from multiplying (Bacterostatic) .

There are various antibiotics available and they come in various different
brand names. Antibiotics are usually grouped together based on how they
work. Each type of antibiotic only works against certain types of bacteria or
parasites. This is why different antibiotics are used to treat different types of
infection. The main types of antibiotics include:
 Possible side Mechanism of
Generic name Brand names Common uses
effects action
Aminoglycosides
Amikacin Amikin
Gentamicin Garamycin Infections caused
Kanamycin Kantrex byGram-negative
Neomycin Neo-Fradin bacteria, such
asEscherichia Binding to the
coliandKlebsiella bacterial30Sriboso
particularlyPseudom malsubunit (some
onas aeruginosa. work by binding to
Effective against the50Ssubunit),
Aerobic bacteria (not inhibiting the
obligate/facultative Hearing loss translocation of the
anaerobes) Vertigo peptidyl-tRNA from
andtularemia. All Kidney damage the A-site to the P-
aminoglicocydes are site and also causing
ineffective to be misreading of
taken orally. mRNA, leaving the
Intravenous, bacterium unable to
intramuscular and synthesize proteins
topical should be vital to its growth.
applied.

Streptomycin Septazole & Septrin Tuberculosis

 Cephalosporins(First generation)

Cefadroxil Duricef

Cefazolin Ancef
Same mode of
action as
CefalotinorCef Keflin(discontin Gastrointestina
otherbeta-
alothin ued) l upset and
lactam
Good coverage diarrhea
antibiotics:
against Gram- Nausea (if
disrupt the
positive alcohol taken
synthesis of
infections. concurrently)
thepeptidoglyc
Allergic
anlayer of
Cefalexin Keflex reactions
bacterialcell
walls.
 Cephalosporins(Second generation)
Cefaclor Distaclor Same mode
Gastrointest of action as
Less Gram- inal upset otherbeta-
Mefoxin(disc positive and diarrhea lactam
Cefoxitin
ontinued) cover, Nausea (if antibiotics:
Cefprozil Cefzil improved alcohol disrupt the
Gram- taken synthesis of
negative concurrently) thepeptidogl
Ceftin,Zinna cover. Allergic ycanlayer of
Cefuroxime
t(UK) reactions bacterialcell
walls.
 Cephalosporins(Third generation)
Cefixime Suprax
Cefdinir Omnicef, Cefdiel
Cefditoren Spectracef, Meiact

Cefoperazone Cefobid(discontinued)

Improved coverage of
Gram-negative Same mode of action
Gastrointestinal upset
organisms, as otherbeta-lactam
and diarrhea
exceptPseudomonas. antibiotics: disrupt the
Nausea (if alcohol
Cefotaxime Claforan Reduced Gram-positive synthesis of
taken concurrently)
cover. But still not thepeptidoglycanlayer
Allergic reactions
coverMycoplasmaand of bacterialcell walls.
Chlamydia
Ceftazidime Fortaz

Ceftizoxime Cefizox (discontinued)

Ceftriaxone[IV and IM, not
orally, effective also
Rocephin
forsyphilisand
uncomplicatedgonorrhea]
 Cephalosporins(Fourth generation)

Same mode of action

Gastrointestinal as otherbeta-lactam
upset and diarrhea antibiotics: disrupt
Covers pseudomonal
Cefepime Maxipime Nausea (if alcohol the synthesis of
infections.
taken concurrently) thepeptidoglycanlay
Allergic reactions er of bacterialcell
walls.

Cephalosporins(Fifth generation)

Same mode of action

as otherbeta-lactam
Gastrointestinal antibiotics: disrupt
Ceftaroline fosamil Teflaro Used to treatMRSA upset and diarrhea the synthesis of
Allergic reaction thepeptidoglycanlay
er of bacterialcell
walls.

Used to
treatMRSA(methicill
in-resistant Same mode of action
Staphylococcus Gastrointestinal as otherbeta-lactam
aureus), penicillin- upset and diarrhea antibiotics: disrupt
Ceftobiprole Zeftera resistant Nausea (if alcohol the synthesis of
Streptococcus taken concurrently) thepeptidoglycanlay
pneumoniae, Allergic reactions er of bacterialcell
Pseudomonas walls.
aeruginosa, and
enterococci
 Macrolides(Bs)
Zithromax,Xithron
Azithromycin e, zisrocin, azi
once Nausea,
vomiting, and
Streptococcal
Clarithromycin Biaxin diarrhea
infections,syphili
(especially at
s,upper
higher doses)
Dynabac(discontin respiratory tract inhibitionof
Dirithromycin Prolonged
ued) infections,lower bacterialprotein
cardiacQT
respiratory tract biosynthesisby
Erythocin,Erythrop infections,mycopl interval(especiall
Erythromycin y erythromycin) binding reversibly
ed asmal to the
Hearing loss
Roxithromycin infections,Lyme subunit50Sof the
(especially at
disease bacterialribosome
higher doses)
Jaundice , thereby
Troleandomycin Tao (discontinued) inhibiting
translocation of
peptidyltRNA.
Visual
Telithromycin Ketek Pneumonia Disturbance, Liver
Toxicity.

Spiramycin Rovamycine Mouth infections

 Penicillins

Same mode of
Wide range Gastrointestin action as
of infections; al upset and otherbeta-
penicillin diarrhea lactam
used Allergy with antibiotics:
Novamox,Amo forstreptococ serious disrupt the
Amoxicillin
xil cal anaphylactic synthesis of
infections,sy reactions the
philis, Brain and peptidoglycan
andLyme kidney layer of
disease damage (rare) bacterialcell
walls.
 Penicillin combinations

Both
Amoxicillin/clavulanate
and
Ampicillin/sulbactam
are effective against
non-recurrent
acuteOtitis mediaOnly
a feworal-antibiotics
active for skin and soft
Amoxicillin/clavulanate Augmentin rowspan="4"
tissue infections, one of
it is The second component
Amoxicillin/clavulanate. prevents bacterial
resistanceto the first
Not to be given to component
children with less than
40 kilograms weight,
for children are heavier,
the dosage is same with
adult, twice daily[7]

Ampicillin/sulbactam Unasyn

Piperacillin/tazobactam Zosyn
 Tetracyclines(Bs)
Demeclocycline Declomycin
inhibiting the
Doxycycline Vibramycin
Gastrointestinal binding
Minocycline Minocin upset ofaminoacyl-
Oxytetracycline Terramycin Sensitivity to tRNAto the mRNA-
Syphilis,chlamydia
sunlight ribosomecomplex.
linfections,Lyme
Potential toxicity They do so mainly
disease,mycoplasm
to mother and by binding to
al infections,
fetus during the30S ribosomal
acnerickettsial
pregnancy subunitin the
infections,
Enamel hypoplasia mRNA
*malaria*Note:
(staining of teeth; translationcomple
Sumycin,Achromyc Malaria is caused potentially x. But Tetracycline
Tetracycline by aprotistand
in V,Steclin permanent) cannot be taken
not a bacterium.
transient together with all
depression of bone dairy products,
growth aluminium, iron
and zinc minerals.
What is the usual length of treatment?

The length of treatment varies a lot. It depends on what kind of infection

you have, how severe it is and how quickly you get better after starting
treatment. Treatment can be:
For just a few days ('water' infection - urinary tract infection).
For one or two weeks (pneumonia)
For a few months (bone infections)
For many months (acne).
Thank You