Week 7 Tuesday

AAE 450
2/23/2010
Kathy Brumbaugh Chris Spreen

612-860-2465 610-888-9521
kmbrumba@purdue.edu cspreen@purdue.edu
AAE 450 Spring 2010

AAE 450 Spring 2010
Kathy Brumbaugh
2/22/10
Project Manager
Current Mission Cost
Preliminary Risk Assessment
Previous weeks:
Cost Analysis of Mission Options
Single Point Failures
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <1>
Current Mission Cost
Cost Driver Section
Cost in
$Million
Previous presentation
(2010)
had Most Realistic
Launch Vehicle 777.6
Cost = $4291.2 M
Flight Systems 1785.6
Comparisons:
Operations 691.2 Galileo = $1354 M
Severe
201.6
(1997 end does not
Environments
include launch, DSN
Technology 748.8 costs)
Cassini = $3260 M
Total Mission Cost 4204.8
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <2>

Project Manager
Current Mission Costs Launch Vehicle
Total Cost
Category Cost Driver Description Level Point Value ($Million
2010)
Main Stage Heavy launch vehicle 4 16 230.4
3rd stage Small fairing 1 2 28.8

Launch approval for
Launch Approval 2 4 57.6
Launch Vehicle RTGs/nuclear propulsion
Sample taking w/ RPS-
Airship Planetary Protection 4 16 230.4
Nuclear
Lake Lander Planetary Landed mission & sampling
4 16 230.4
Protection w/ RPS
Launch Vehicle Total Cost 777.6
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <3>

Project Manager
Current Mission Costs - Flight Systems
Cost Total Cost
Category Cost Driver Description Level Point Value ($Million
2010)
Cruise Stage To Outer Planet 3 8 115.2
Chemical/Electrical/Nuclear
Titan Orbiter 3 8 115.2
+ aerocapture
Airship/Lake Lander Entry
Large probes to Titan 3 8 115.2
System
Small Lander or Balloon
Airship descent system 2 4 57.6
deployment near 1 Bar
Flight Large Landed science
Systems Lake Lander landing system 4 16 230.4
laboratory
Airship planetary mobility Fully controllable blimp 4 16 230.4
Lake Lander planetary
MSL class rover 4 16 230.4
mobility
Science Payload Orbiter 6to 10 instruments 4 16 230.4
Science Payload Air Ship 6to 10 instruments 4 16 230.4
Science Payload Lake
6to 10 instruments 4 16 230.4
Lander
Flight Systems Total Cost 1785.6
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <4>

Project Manager
Current Mission Costs Operations and
Severe Environments
Total Cost
Category Cost Driver Description Level Point Value
($Million 2010)
>18 years or >1 year in an
Lifetime 5 32 460.8
extreme environment
Science Payload Complex science operations 3 8 115.2
Operations
Operations complexity High 3 8 115.2
Operations Total Cost 691.2
High temps in vacuum or low temps

Temperature 2 4 57.6
in Titan atmosphere
Intermediate Pressure
Pressure 2 4 57.6
(0-90 bar)
Severe <0.6 AU (hardly an effect from
Radiation Orbiter 1 2 28.8
Environments Saturn)
<0.6 AU (hardly an effect from
Radiation Air Ship 1 2 28.8
Saturn)
<0.6 AU (hardly an effect from
Radiation Lake Lander 1 2 28.8
Saturn)
Severe Environments Total Cost 201.6
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <5>

Project Manager
Current Mission Costs - Technology
Total Cost
Category Cost Driver Description Level Point Value
($Million 2010)
All technologies at TRL 6 but limited
Space System Orbiter 2 4 57.6
flight heritage
Space System Air Ship (includes
One major mid TRL technology 3 8 115.2
probes)
Space System Lake Lander One major mid TRL technology 3 8 115.2
Sensors and instruments Orbiter 2 4 57.6
flight heritage
Sensors and Instruments Air Ship One major mid TRL technology 3 8 115.2
Technology
Sensors and Instruments Lake
One major mid TRL technology 3 8 115.2
Lander
Autonomy Orbiter 2 4 57.6
flight heritage
Autonomy All technologies at TRL 6 but limited
2 4 57.6
Air Ship flight heritage
Autonomy Lake Lander 2 4 57.6
flight heritage
Technology Total Cost 748.8
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <6>

Project Manager
Fault Tree
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <7>

Project Manager
Category Failure Failure Rate
Communication failure 0.1654 Communication failures
Orbiter 0.6
correspond to 10 years + 2 years
Airship 0.525
Lake Lander 0.525
(orbiter) or 10 years + 6 months
Navigation failure 0.004 (Airship, LL)
Orbiter 0.004
Data lost
Instrumentation calculated as if
Airship ?
Lake Lander ?
all instruments on board were to
Instrumentation failure 0 fail.
Orbiter 0
Orbiter propulsion failure taken
Airship 0
Lake Lander ? from Thruster failure value
Total Data Lost failure 6.616 e -4
Launch Failure 0.05
Ballute deployment failure rate
Propulsion Failure 1.5e-5 negligible
Orbiter 0.003
Airship 0.005
Lake Lander 0
Power Failure 7.2448e-10
Systems failure
Orbiter 1.6e-5
Airship 0.00283
Lake Lander 0.016
Heat shield 0.001
Structural/thermal 0.005
Total systems failure 2.7168e-21
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <8>

Project Manager
Category Failure Failure Rate
Aerocapture ?
Orbiter stabilization includes
Interplanetary ? reaction wheels
Orbiter stabilization 0.0013
Control of Airship ?
Control of Lake Lander includes
GNC/Traj Control of Lake both loss of actuators and
0.061225
Lander processor
Total GNC/Traj
7.95925e-5
failure
Total mission failure (assuming everything goes wrong) =

1.4306e-28
Set preliminary mission success rate at 90%
90% = astronaut crewed missions
Allows for inevitable error
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Risk values needed Future
Lake Lander
Work
Continue
Propulsion system to research
Airship
Structures: 1/50000 cycles => what does this
spacecraft mission
mean? How many cycles will the craft
experience?
failure rates
Balloon fabric => How many cycles?
Systems
Continue to update
Propulsion Orbiter (How many pulses for
mission duration?)
preliminary risk
Propulsion Lake Lander (MTBF for Electric
Motor?)
assessment
Parachute failures dont match CDR choices
GNC/Trajectory Failure
Aerocapture Changing numbers, more
Interplanetary trajectory (getting onto proper
ballistic trajectory) risks identified
Orbiter stabilization
Control failure of Air Ship / Lake Lander
Statistical choices (which
Data Lost most likely to happen)
Onboard computer failure
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <8>

Project Manager
Backup slide Preliminary Risk (Orbiter)
Mission failure rates
Object Failure rate time or cycles Calculated failure rate Notes
Orbiter
Mission duration is
approx. 17 years
Advanced Stirling therefore approx as
Radioisotope Generator 0.01617 years 0.016 one failure
Mission duration is
approx. 17 years
Advanced Stirling therefore approx as
Converter 0.00117 years 0.001 one failure
only fail if debris strikes
or damaged before
Heat Shield 0.0011 entry 0.001 mission
Ballute deployment 1 80000 0.0000125
Mission duration is
approx. 17 years
therefore approx as
Inertial Measurement Unit 0.00415 years 0.004 one failure
Mission duration is
approx. 17 years
therefore approx as
Reaction Wheels 0.0013>15 years 0.0013 one failure
approx as mission has
MR-103 Thrusters 0.003>400000 pulses 0.003 400000 pulses
21 failures for 5018
Structures/Thermal 0.005 0.005 launches
The orbiter operates
for the 10 year travel +
Communications 0.051 year 0.6 2 years at Titan
Orbiter - Probability of everything failing (heat shield) 7.488E-19
Orbiter - Probability of everything failing (ballute) 9.36E-21
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Backup slide Preliminary Risk (Lake
Lander) Mission failure rates
Object Failure rate time or cycles Calculated failure rate Notes
Lake Lander
Mission duration is
less than 17
ASRG 0.01617 years 0.016 yearstherefore
approx as one
failure
The lake lander

operates for the 10
year travel + 6
Communications 0.051 year 0.525 months at Titan
mission duration is
Actuators 179.9088 years 0.0125
less than 80 years
mission duration is
Processor 128 days 4.898
approx. 3840 days
Doesn't match
Parachute deployment 1 1000 0.001
ballute estimate
Lake Lander - Probability of everything failing 5.1429E-07
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup slide Preliminary Risk (Airship)
Calculated failure
Object Failure rate time or cycles rate Notes
Airship
Power 0.002831400 launches 0.00283
The airship
operates for the 10
year travel + 6
Communications 0.051 year 0.525 months at Titan
Propulsion 0.0051500 years 0.005
Balloon fabric 13000 cycles 0.00033333How many cycles?
Radar Altimeter 0.014.54 years 0.01
Mass Spec (Included
0.014.54 years 0.01
on Rover)
Nephel. 0.014.54 years 0.01
Magnetometer 0.014.54 years 0.01
Meterology 0.014.54 years 0.01
Basic Claw 0.0184.54 years 0.018
Claw with full options 0.077524.54 years 0.07752
Surface Rover 0.1944.54 years 0.194
Radio-Doppler 0.014.54 years 0.01
Polarimeter 0.014.54 years 0.01
Visible/IR spec 0.014.54 years 0.01
Airship - probability of everything failure 6.70314E-29
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup slide Preliminary Risk (Probes &
Launch Vehicle)
Calculated failure
Object Failure rate time or cycles rate Notes
Probes
The probes operate
for the 10 year
travel + 6 months
Communications 0.051 year 0.525 at Titan
Probes - probability of everything failure 0.525
Launch Vehicle
Atlas V Launch
Vehicle 0.0520 Launches 0.05
Launch Vehicle - probability of everything failure 0.05
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide - Single Point
Failures
Cruise stage
Failure to get onto proper trajectory
Entry of Lake Lander, Airship
Heat shield failure
Missed/failed fly-bys (celestial body not Parachute/slowing mechanism failure
there, incorrect distances, etc) Incorrect trajectory missed landing
If SEP failure to convert solar energy to site/drop point
propulsion Lake Lander operations
Navigation/Trajectory failure/incorrect Incorrect hydrodynamics calculations
calculations sinking, pressure, etc
Aerocapture Communication failure (between probes, w/
Too steep/shallow entry and crash/skip out Airship/Orbiter pointing errors)
of atmosphere Navigation failure (leading to wrong
Incorrect entry location leading to crash exploration sites, run into objects)
Heat shield failure Airship operations
Orbit correction failure Incorrect aerodynamics calculations lift,
Orbiter drag, velocity, etc.
Orbit stabilization failure Communication failure (between probes, w/
Communication error (to Earth, to Lake Orbiter pointing errors)
Lander, to Airship) Trajectory/Navigation failure
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <10>

Project Manager
Backup Slides - References
Peterson, Craig, James Cutts, Tibor Balint, James B.
Hall. Rapid Cost Assessment of Space Mission
Concepts through Application of Complexity-Based
Cost Indices. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, October
2007. Web. 19 Jan 2010.
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/faqgen.html#cost
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/FAQMission/#q10
http://www.physorg.com/news8479.html
Larson, Wiley J., Wertz, James R. Space Mission
Analysis and Design. 1999 Space Technology
Library.
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <11>

Project Manager
Paul Deignan
02/23/2010
Trajectory Optimization
Aerocapture without Ballute
Last time: Aerocapture vs. Ballute analysis
AAE 450 Spring 2010 1

Paul Deignan - Trajectory: Orbiter
Parameters and Equations of
Motion
Without control With control Parameter Value
msc 6449 kg
Cd 1
S 12.9043 m2
C 1.8605E-8 kg0.5/m
Qlim 2 W/cm2
Tlim 500 C
Example aerocapture

Paul Deignan Trajector: Orbiter
Selected Results
e a Vin Vout Vmax rp max alat aax Q T
() (km) (km/s) (km/s) (km/s) (km) (kg/m3) (km/s2) (km/s2) (J) (C)
5.32443 0.00064 1.0405 101.023

-36.65 1.00848 -357503 5.238284 2.438916 8 361.8308 13 98 -0.00036 5 129.7443
0.00067 1.0419
-36.69 0.830809 17955.5 5.238284 2.326085 5.32401 359.9412 23 38 -0.00042 101.524 129.9047
11215.8 5.32387 0.00067 1.0419 102.388
-36.73 0.729484 8 5.238284 2.26223 4 359.9188 27 54 -0.00035 7 130.1804
6951.02 5.32458 0.00069 1.0430 101.836
-36.77 0.56233 4 5.238284 2.147232 5 358.4427 80 03 0.00053 2 130.0045
5.32759 0.00077 1.0458 104.590
-36.81 0.272892 4296.52 5.238284 1.912595 8 354.5022 02 1 -0.0009 4 130.8747
3262.17 5.32690 0.00081 1.0475 105.560
-36.86 0.143408 6 5.238284 1.435916 3 352.0929 80 32 -1.35351 7 131.1772
Sigma range is 0.7374 to 0.7869 , with a st. dev. of 0.072
Future Work
Analyze trajectories allowed by bank angle
modulation AAE 450 Spring 2010 3
Backup slides: Derivation of EOM
L
-D

Backup slides - Code
%Paul Deignan
%AAE 450
%Aerocapture simulation (No ballute)
clear
clc
format long
format compact
%% Titan constants
hatm=1175; %Altitude of substantial atmosphere (km)
rTit=2575.5; %Radius of Titan (km)
r0=hatm+rTit; %Radius of substantial atmosphere (km)
uTit=8978.19; %Gravitational parameter for Titan (km^2/s^2)
gTit=uTit/rTit^2; %Surface gravitational acceleration at Titan (km/s^2)
gEar=9.80665; %Surface gravitational acceleration at Earth (km/s^2)
C=1.8605*10^-8; %Stagnation point heating coefficient (kg^.5/m)
%% Aeroshell constants
Cd=1; %From Daniel Glover
S=15.9043/1000^2; %Reference area (km^2) from Daniel Glover
m=6449; %Mass of spacecraft (kg)
rt=6.123709; %m - given by Ryan G through Stephanie Sumcad
Nstag=0.5;
Mstag=3;
T_limit=500; %Celsius
Boltz=5.67*10^-8;
Emiss=0.5;
%% Atmospheric constants
rho0=5.44; %Reference density (kg/m^3)
H0=40; %Reference altitude (km)
ratm0=rTit+H0; %Reference radius [km]
rp=rTit+300; %Hyperbolic orbit periapsis [km]
rhop=rho0*exp(-300/H0)*1000^3; %Density at hyperbolic periapsis [kg/km^3]

Backup slides - Code (cont.)
%% Initial conditions
vinf=4.7594; %BEST CASE v_inf wrt Titan (km/s)
ah=-uTit/vinf^2; %hyperbolic semi-major (km)
eh=1-rp/ah; %hyperbolic eccentricity
r0=hatm+rTit; %radius at atmospheric entry (km)
v0=sqrt(2*uTit/r0-uTit/ah); %velocity at atmospheric entry (km/s)
y0=-acosd(sqrt(uTit*ah*(1-eh^2))/(r0*v0)); %FPA at atmospheric entry (deg)
ta0=-acosd((ah*(1-eh^2))/(eh*r0)-1/eh); %TA at atmospheric entry (deg)
%% Profiles
yvec=(-36.8:-0.01:-36.87).*pi/180;%36.64
ind=1;
tf=2*3600; %576 for 24 days
time=[0:1:tf];
t0=[0 tf]; %time duration of aerocapture
for GAMMA=1:length(yvec)
s0=[r0 ta0 v0 yvec(GAMMA)];
[Tout,Sout]=ode45('aerocapture_function',t0,s0);
Time=Tout;
FPA=yvec(GAMMA)*180/pi;
R=Sout(:,1);
ta=Sout(:,2).*180/pi;
V=Sout(:,3);
y=Sout(:,4);
rho=rhop.*exp((rp-R)./H0);
NRG=V.^2/2-uTit./R;
a=-uTit./(2*NRG);
e=sqrt(1+(2*NRG.*R.^2 .*V.^2 .*cosd(y).^2)./uTit^2);
[C1,I1]=min(abs(R(10:end)-r0));
[C2,I2]=max(V);
[C3,I3]=min(R);

yin=yvec(GAMMA)*180/pi;
eout=e(I1);
aout=a(I1);
Vin=V(1);
Vout=V(I1);
Vmax=V(I2);
altp=R(I3)-rTit;
rhomax=max(rho);
Results(ind,1)=yin;
Results(ind,2)=eout;
Results(ind,3)=aout;
Results(ind,4)=Vin;
Results(ind,5)=Vout;
Results(ind,6)=Vmax;
Results(ind,7)=altp;
Results(ind,8)=rhomax;
figure
subplot(2,2,1);
hold on
axis equal
% Titan
xTit=rTit*cosd((-180:1:180));
yTit=rTit*sind((-180:1:180));
plot(xTit,yTit,'g')
% Titan atmosphere
xatm=r0*cosd((-180:1:180));
yatm=r0*sind((-180:1:180));
plot(xatm,yatm,'g:')
% Hyperbolic approach
rh=ah*(1-eh^2)./(1+eh.*cosd(-80:1:80));
xh=rh.*cosd(-80:80);
yh=rh.*sind(-80:80);
plot(xh,yh,'r')

% Spacecraft trajectory
X=R.*cosd(ta+ta0-90);
Y=R.*sind(ta+ta0-90);
plot(X,Y,'b')
title({'Aerocapture maneuver at Titan';['FPA = ',num2str(yin),'']})
legend('Titan','Titan atmosphere',...
'Hyperbolic approach','Spacecraft trajectory')
% Acceleration during aerocapture

Av=(-(rho*1000^3).*V.^2*Cd*S/(2*m)-uTit*sind(y)./R.^2)*1000;
Au=uTit*cosd(y)./R.^2*1000;
Aumax=max(Au);
Avmax=max(Av);
Results(ind,9)=Aumax;
Results(ind,10)=Avmax;
% Body accelerations
subplot(2,2,3);
hold on;
grid on;
plot(Tout,Au,'r');
plot(Tout,Av,'b');
title({'Aerocapture - t vs. a';['FPA = ',num2str(yin),'']})
xlabel('Time t [s]')
ylabel('Acceleration a [m/s^2]')
legend('Lateral','Axial');
% Body accelerations - g's
subplot(2,2,4);
hold on;
grid on;
plot(Tout,Au/gEar,'r');
plot(Tout,Av/gEar,'b');

title({'Aerocapture - t vs. a';['FPA = ',num2str(yin),'']})
xlabel('Time t [s]')
ylabel('Acceleration a [g_{Earth}]')
legend('Lateral','Axial');
% Velocity profile
subplot(2,2,2);
hold on;
grid on;
plot(V,R-rTit,'r');
plot(V,linspace(1175,1175,length(V)),'b');
title({'Aerocapture - Velocity profile';['FPA = ',num2str(yin),'']})
xlabel('Velocity v [km/s]')
ylabel('Altitude h [km]')
% Heating during aerocapture

Qstag=C*(V*1000).^3.*sqrt(rho/(rt*10^9)); %kg/s^3
Q=max(Qstag/(S*100^2));
Temp=(max(Qstag/(2*Boltz*Emiss))-273.15).^0.25; %celsius
Results(ind,11)=Q;
Results(ind,12)=Temp;
ind=ind+1;
end

Backup slides Function w/o lift
%Paul Deignan
%AAE 450
%Aeroshell aerocapture function
%10/02/21
function sdot=aerocapture_function(t,s)
%% Constants
rTit=2575.5; %Radius of Titan [km]
uTit=8978.19; %Gravitational parameter of Titan [km^3/s^2]
Cd=1; %Coefficient of drag
Cl=0.25; %Coefficient of lift
S=15.9043/1000^2; %Reference area of spacecraft[km^2] - from Daniel Glover
m=6449; %Mass of spacecraft [kg] - from Daniel Glover
rho0=5.44; %Reference density [kg/m^3]

H0=40; %Reference altitude [km]
r0=rTit+H0; %Reference radius [km]
%% Integration
sdot(1)=s(3)*sin(s(4));
sdot(2)=s(3)*cos(s(4))/s(1);
sdot(3)=-0.5/m*rhop*exp((rp-s(1))/H0)*s(3)^2*S*Cd-uTit/s(1)^2*sin(s(4));
sdot(4)=s(3)*cos(s(4))/s(1)-uTit*cos(s(4))/(s(1)^2*s(3));
sdot=sdot';
return

Backup slides Function w/ lift
%Paul Deignan
%AAE 450
%Aeroshell aerocapture function with lift
%10/02/21
function sdot=aerocapture_function_lift(t,s)
%% Constants
rTit=2575.5; %Radius of Titan [km]
uTit=8978.19; %Gravitational parameter of Titan [km^3/s^2]
Cd=1; %Coefficient of drag
Cl=0.25; %Coefficient of lift
S=15.9043/1000^2; %Reference area of spacecraft[km^2] - from Daniel Glover
m=6449; %Mass of spacecraft [kg] - from Daniel Glover
rho0=5.44; %Reference density [kg/m^3]

H0=40; %Reference altitude [km]
r0=rTit+H0; %Reference radius [km]
%% Integration
sdot(1)=s(3)*sin(s(4));
sdot(2)=s(3)*cos(s(4))/s(1);
sdot(3)=-0.5/m*rhop*exp((rp-s(1))/H0)*s(3)^2*S*Cd-uTit/s(1)^2*sin(s(4));
sdot(4)=0.5/m*rhop*exp((rp-s(1))/H0)*s(3)^2*S*Cl+s(3)*cos(s(4))/s(1)-...
uTit*cos(s(4))/(s(1)^2*s(3));
sot=sdot';
return

Backup slides Trajectory @ y=-
36.65

36.66

36.67

36.68

36.69

36.7

36.71

36.72

36.73

36.74

36.75

36.76

36.77

36.78

36.79

36.8

36.81

36.82

36.83

36.84

36.85

36.86

References
[1] Lockwood, M. Titan Aerocapture Systems Analysis, AIAA-
2003-4799
[2] Matloff, G., Taylor, T., Powell, C. Saturn/Titan Rendezous: A
Solar-sail Aerocapture Mision
[3] Longuski, J. M., and Vinh, N. X. Analytic Theory of Orbit
Contraction Due to Atmospheric Drag, The University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1978.
V estimate Chris Spreen

Basis for coding and EOM derivation Stephanie Sumcad
Stack parameters Daniel Glover
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <#>

Jeremy Moon
2/23/2010
Trajectory Optimization
Stability of the Orbiter Trajectory
Previous weeks:
Trajectory Parameters of the Orbiter
Titan Approach: Aerocapture, Aerobraking, Final
Orbit
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Stability: Derivation of EOMs
Not considered in current model:
Solar radiation pressure
Meteor collisions
rSDOT2 + Mass ejection
Charged particle effects
[2*phi2DOT*sin(gamma) +
2*phi1DOT*cos(incline)*sin(gamma)]/
cos(gamma)*rSDOT +
(Thrust, Indirect Perturbation accounted for, but not illustrated)
[phi2DOT2*sin(gamma) -
phi2DOT^2*cos(gamma) - Lift (L)
phi1DOT^2*sin(gamma + phi2)*sin(phi2) -
phi1DOT^2*cos(gamma)*cos(incline)^2 +

phi1DOT2*cos(incline)*sin(gamma) -
2*phi1DOT*phi2DOT*cos(gamma)* Orbiter
cos(incline) + phi1DOT^2*sin(gamma +
phi2)*cos(incline)^2*sin(phi2)]/ Weight (W)
cos(gamma)*rS = Direct Perturbation (P)
Drag (D)
[(2^(1/2)*P*(cos(gamma) + cos(gamma +
phi2)*cos(incline)))/2 - W*cos(gamma) -
D] / M Titan
3-Body
..
_ Problem
^ = [3(r23^/r232 r13/r
r12 + [ (1+2)/r122] r12 ^ 132)] Saturn
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Jeremy Moon Trajectory Optimization
Long-Term Stability
Current configuration unstable
over 2 year span
Disposal options
Future Work
Numerical integrationof EOMs
Refinement of model: addition of solar
radiation pressure term, expansion to
relative 4-body problem (?), addition of
greater complexity
Alternative options for stabilizing or
disposing of the Orbiter upon mission
completion
Optimization of transfer orbits in AAE
use450
ofSpring 2010
ballute, aeroshell scenariosJeremy Moon Trajectory Optimization
Backup Slides: Derivation of EOMs
(Schematic)
T : True Anomaly of Titan (with respect to
Saturn)
Orbiter
O : True Anomaly of Orbiter (with respect
_ _
to Titan)
rO rR
_
rT
Titan
z^
x^
y^ Saturn
AAE 450 Spring 2010

(Unit Vectors)
Unit Vector Sets
^ ^ ^ ^
a: x x y = z Inertial frame (z is the Saturns angular
T ^ ^ ^ ^
momentum direction)
i ^ ^ ^
b: rT x T = hT Rotates with Titan (rT follows the radial position of Titan)
O ^ ^ ^ ^
^ ^ ^ ^
c: m x n = o Intermediate frame to shift orbit inclinations of Saturn to
Titans orbit
Direction Cosine
rT d:
T rO xh
T O = hO Rotates
m n with
o Orbiter (rO follows
rO O thehradial position
s1 of s2 s3
cos(1 -
Matrices
cos(2 -
O
x ) Orbiter)
sin( 1 ) 0 rT cos(i) 0 sin(i) m ) sin( 2) 0 rO cos() -sin() 0
cos(1 cos(2
y sin(1) e:) s1 x0s2 = s3 T Body0 frame
1 0of the orbiter
n sin((s
2) 1 is
) aligned
0 with current
O sin() cos() 0
z 0 0 1 vector)hT
velocity -sin(i) 0 cos(i) o 0 0 1 hO 0 0 1
AAE 450 Spring 2010

(Kinematics, Forces)
omega =
[ -phi1DOT*cos(gamma + phi2)*sin(incline), phi1DOT*sin(gamma + phi2)*sin(incline), gammaDOT + phi2DOT + phi1DOT*cos(incline)]
r=
[ rS*cos(gamma), -rS*sin(gamma), 0]
v=
[ rSDOT*cos(gamma) + phi2DOT*rS*sin(gamma) + phi1DOT*rS*cos(incline)*sin(gamma), phi2DOT*rS*cos(gamma) - rSDOT*sin(gamma) + phi1DOT*rS*cos(gamma)*cos(incline), -
phi1DOT*rS*sin(incline)*sin(phi2)]
a=
[ rSDOT2*cos(gamma) + phi2DOT2*rS*sin(gamma) + 2*phi2DOT*rSDOT*sin(gamma) - phi2DOT^2*rS*cos(gamma) - phi1DOT^2*rS*sin(gamma + phi2)*sin(phi2) - phi1DOT^2*rS*cos(gamma)
*cos(incline)^2 + phi1DOT2*rS*cos(incline)*sin(gamma) + 2*phi1DOT*rSDOT*cos(incline)*sin(gamma) - 2*phi1DOT*phi2DOT*rS*cos(gamma)*cos(incline) + phi1DOT^2*rS*sin(gamma +
phi2)*cos(incline)^2*sin(phi2), phi2DOT2*rS*cos(gamma) - rSDOT2*sin(gamma) + 2*phi2DOT*rSDOT*cos(gamma) + phi2DOT^2*rS*sin(gamma) - phi1DOT^2*rS*cos(gamma + phi2)*sin(phi2)
+ phi1DOT^2*rS*cos(incline)^2*sin(gamma) + phi1DOT2*rS*cos(gamma)*cos(incline) + 2*phi1DOT*rSDOT*cos(gamma)*cos(incline) + phi1DOT^2*rS*cos(gamma + phi2)*cos(incline)
^2*sin(phi2) + 2*phi1DOT*phi2DOT*rS*cos(incline)*sin(gamma), -sin(incline)*(phi1DOT2*rS*sin(phi2) + 2*phi1DOT*rSDOT*sin(phi2) + phi1DOT^2*rS*cos(incline)*cos(phi2) +
2*phi1DOT*phi2DOT*rS*cos(phi2))]
F=
[ (2^(1/2)*P*(cos(gamma) + cos(gamma + phi2)*cos(incline)))/2 - W*cos(gamma) - D, L + W*sin(gamma) - (2^(1/2)*P*(sin(gamma) + sin(gamma + phi2)*cos(incline)))/2, (2^(1/2)
*P*sin(incline))/2]
AAE 450 Spring 2010

(Force Identification)
Drag (D = -D s^1)
D = CD Sref q = (CD0 + CDwave + kCL2)( Renvelope2)( V2)
^
Lift (L = L s2)
L = CL Sref q = (CL0 + CL)( Renvelope2)( V2)
^
Weight (W = -W rS)
W = G m1 m2/ r2 = T mS / (rT + h)2
^ ^
Direct Perturbing Force (P = -P (rT + rS)/ (2) )
P = G m1 m2/ r2 = mS / rS2
Indirect Perturbing Force is accounted for in the stability of Titans orbit about Saturn
Thrust is zero to allow for autonomous stability
Solar Radiation Pressure is significant though neglected, but will be added in future models
Mass Ejection, Charged Particle Effects, Meteor
AAE 450 Collisions are unaccounted for
Spring 2010
Backup Slides: Density Variation Range
density at given altitude r (r) = ref e ref (r r)/H
e exponential function
ref density at reference altitude (ref = 0.324 x 10-8 kg/m3)
rref reference altitude (rref = 500 km)
H scale factor (H = 40 km for Titan)
(Expected Model, Upper and Lower Models of 1 magnitude order analyzed)
Density Variation of Titan with Respect to Altitude
Density Variation of Titan with Respect to Altitude
2000
2000
Expected Variation
Expected Variation
1800 1800 Lower Bound Variation
Lower Bound Variation
Upper Bound Variation Upper Bound Variation
1600 1600
1400 1400
1200 1200
Altitude (km)
Altitude (km)
1000 1000
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Density (kg/m 3)
-3
3
Density (kg/m ) AAE 450 Spring 2010 x 10

Backup Slides
Sources
Yelle, R V. "Engineering Models for Titan's Atmosphere".
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Chris Spreen
2/23/2010
Assistant Project Manager
Mission Design Group
Interplanetary Trajectory

Chris Spreen Mission Design
Getting to Saturn
Trajectory developed
in conjunction with
Kevin Kloster
TRAJECTORY PATH: 3 2 2 3 3 6 VINF : 2.00 TO 8.00 BY 0.10 km/s ALTMIN = 200.KM TRAJECTORY PATH: 3 2 2 3 3 6 VINF : 2.00 TO 8.00 BY 0.10 km/s ALTMIN = 200.KM TRAJECTORY PATH: 3 2 3 3 5 6 VINF : 2.00 TO 8.00 BY 0.10 km/s ALTMIN = 200.KM TRAJECTORY PATH: 3 2 3 3 5 6 VINF : 2.00 TO 8.00 BY 0.10 km/s ALTMIN = 200.KM
LAUNCH DATES SEARCHED: 200101. TO 401231. BY 5.0 DAYS TFMAX = 3653.0 DAYS LAUNCH DATES SEARCHED: 200101. TO 401231. BY 5.0 DAYS TFMAX = 3653.0 DAYS LAUNCH DATES SEARCHED: 200101. TO 401231. BY 5.0 DAYS TFMAX = 3653.0 DAYS LAUNCH DATES SEARCHED: 200101. TO 401231. BY 5.0 DAYS TFMAX = 3653.0 DAYS
8 11 8 8 8
3700 20 20 20 20
7.815 7.815 7.795 7.795
61919 18 19 12 19 416 3 13 19 10 19
20 20 9 12 12
19
72018106122 14 6 19 18 6 46 46 13 10 6 14
56 14 17 1217
155 62610 6 16 20
11 201919101517 18 19 18
917
7
4 1315 12 7.63 11 7.63 20
17 15 9 2 15 15
14 20 16
15 10
20
7 20
28 7.59 7.59
17
64412 11588 18
1413 19 8 20 20 620 16 14 5 2013
21920
5 12 19 19 176 11 68
18 17 1713
14
20
20991213 18 13
16
19 10 18 20 11 18 3600 11
14 8 15 16 14 4
12
815
19 19
010
18
20919
19
2020
20
20181819 18 1611
7 18
3600 11 29 5 15 1817 19
11 10 15
8 7 10 1219 18 18 13
16 10
18
12 919
14 13 18
1320 15 19 18 1718 19
17 1819
1919
17 20 14
20 3
9 411 1215 8 8
10817 16 20 1920 11 16
12
17 20
12
10
1315 10 7.445 15 10 10 10 7.445 13 32 17 13 12 10 18 17
12
16
18 15
14
2016
19
19
20 17
17
18 13
1817
18 20
20
17
201818 17 17
7.385 7.385
19 16 1111 1813 12 19 19
2014
15
20161313 1713
14 1612
18889 12 14
4 4 16
9 1 15
11
16 617 11
20
7 16 617 20 20
8 18 9 13
10 17 10
13
7 14
15 17 13 10 208
20
10 17 84513111 57 17 12
819 11 4 14 20
1819
18
17
1712
18
13
18
14
1914
15
19
2015
16
20
20 12
17
13
13
18
15
10
14
18 11
15
11
17
15
14
9
16
14
13
810
15
13
12
811
9 14
12
11
10 14
13
12
10 13
12
11 13
12
11 12
17 20 15 2083 4 17
1519 9 1512 17 12 13
17 9 19 184 15318 6 18 1120 19
15
19
2012
16
209
12
16
20 9
7
13
10
17
13
1714
10
820
14
11
11
67
8 614
8
10
7 11
10 20 205
4 20 11 10 15
451214 591512 16 20 17 188 14 20 18 12 612
20
18
18
17
16 814
12 94 3 7 1814 10 11 17
14
1815
18
19
1912
15
16
20
2093
169
12
118
17
27667
13 011
10
8
4556
13
1714
11
188
14
19
199
12
159
15
17
12
13
10
16
178
08
44556
1613
11
11
6
14
149
12
7
1
9
7
158
12
136
0
8
9
7
10
11
11
12
51
9
7
6
10
8
6
8
57
9
5
1
9
7
4
11
11
12
430
4
38
6
53
4
10
6
3 4
4
7
6
7
5
9
3
1
9
80
11
2
13
2
12
12
4
58
3
12
12
11
13
414
14
15
57
611
10
13
15
90
811
13
16
915
12
17
14
15
12
13
16
1416
17
15
17
1817
18
18
18
19
1919
20
2020
20
13
20
19 20 7913 15
11 12 13
14 13 7.26 10 13
11
14
13 19 15
20 12
15
8 16
15
15 7.26 10 18
18 12 18 20
33445
20
2 17
18
201
115
18 13
14
2334
1916
16
19 14
15
223
17
17
20
12
18
20
19
11 13
1513
2
14
16
1614
15
2
22
17
1
17
119
1120 2
15
3
16
18
2
120
2419
6
1917
17
18
20
20181920
20 7.18 20 7.18
18
19 12
1520 3 11
13 20 812
139
47 14
13
15
15
16
20 16 19
13 8
16 6
13
317
15
10 179
14
13 16 517 41 1919 1020 1 18 17 16
19
18 15 198 1 16
16 56 1213
11
16 12 15 16
16
17
17
18
13 1 6 13
13
10 12
14 6 7 13
9
11 74
13 7 13 10711 123 6 14 20
13 20
9 41913 19
17 192
1287 3126 18
19
19
20
10 7.075 16
4 19 14 12 9
19 7.075 5317 20
15 2018 3 20 6.975 12 17 6 6.975
16 18964124
Saturn Arrival: Total Time of Flight, days

18 20 18 13 19 20 8 18
20
12 7 16 18
3500 4 12 176151 11 20 1715 13 13
8 10
12
15
16
12
2
9 1518
13
14 17
13
18 12
6 18
12
9 3400 18
16 7169 1246 20
6 11 19
4 20 15 16 14 13
18 20 15
11
11 15 11 1984 16 5
4 13 18 10 102 10 11 14
11
1112 9
716
11
15
13
10 11 20 7 5 8 1012 8 15 19 5 15 18
655 13 8 12 12 14 13 6.89 12 19 5 17
20
15
12
16 18
19 16 11 17
11
14 6.89 61510 5 1613 918 7 6.77 20
20
19
20
18
17
15 20
20 96 12 8 20 6.77
17 811 13
611
11 18
19 20 13 9 19 13 13 10 72 38 13 20 20
17
1915
14
16 142017 18 511
10 13 18 20 210
10
109 14 12
8
717
16
1718
14
18 11 14 196
1141520 31 12 1617 18 8
16 14 20
18
20
17
19
1613
1511
12
1410
11
13
18
15
12 8
97 17
14
13201410 5 8 20
19 14
15
12 13
10989 17 20 9 11 20 5 57 17 9 20 916
16 46914
17
20
14
20 10
11
16
13
19 986
5
6
42
74
5
4 346
32 1319174 12
20 19
105
19 2016 58 19 17
19 17 6.705 9 818 1718
12 10 17 6.705 19 6.565 1810
15
12
14
20
17
11 98
96
765
3
2
4
31234 14
1219167313717 314 20 6.565
7 20 15 1815 14
19 15 8
19 10
10
920 8 37 18 14 1010 1011 12
20
13
16
10
19
15
12
12
18
13 8
76
97 5
542
3
211
43
1 16
10 517 18
Saturn Arrival: V, km/s
, km/s
20 14 14
11
Earth Launch: V, km/s
Earth Launch: V , km/s

8
18 13 18 1812 10696518 18 15 10
6 6 2011
20
17
12
13
10 6
85532
1 1215 20
3400 6
19 13
12
10 19
20
20
6 13 4 1819 11 1013
20
11
13 13
16
20
12
14
1711
15
12
19
11
13
18
14
97
9
876
65
4
432
1 20
1114
13 15 2 5
18 18
13
20
14
7 12 15 5
9108 6.52 88 11
19
11
7
2020 5 176
1815 6.52
8
11 4 14 973513
19
8 6 69 14 11 12 12 6.36 1710
14
11
17
13
20
12
16
12
15
20
1098
976
7 43
54
21
32 1013 14
13
16752 7 20 6.36
19
5 11 5
18
10
9 20
20 13
17 516 19 3200 20 20 19 482 1 1920 12
13 1813
16
12
1420 10 13
18
15
11
19
14
10
12
18
16
10
14
8
8
97
8
13
17
13
10
1276
65
32
11
18
1215
13
5 17
12 5 69 1369 12 1711 3 1 2 496 20 15 13 1317 12 18 9
20
16
11
17
20 8
96
20
15
15 4 10122083 7
16 19 12
12 5 14 19 8
12 8 19 6 148
19
10
17
13 10
15 9 11 10 18 20 14 18
14 13
14 17
2014
127
18
13
9 9 1115 53 17
Saturn Arrival: V
18 619 11 8
12 1415 2012
17
16 16 1120 6.155
5 13 14 16 6.335 15 10
20 19
11
19 7 191611 6.335 10 20 5 1 8 13 15 15 15 2017 6.155 15
17
1916
11
13
15
10
20 20820 10208 17
15
19
9 19 57 1216 11 11 915 811 8 9 5 18 694 19 1518 19
17
18
1914
19
13
18
12
14 196 4
76 10
12
99
16 5
12 8 13720 19 11 6 12
5 8 16 19 16 11 17
16
18
17
13
20
15
14 7 1014 9421697
16
15 11
3300 15 18 1018 15 9 6 207 3 20 16
18 20
12
13
19
13 20 18 9 19 18
13
1313
13
16 19
6 6.15 1610 19
13 9
10
10 6.15 14 14
9
20 7 3 16 20 1717
19 5.95 18
18
17
20
16
20
13
15 1651814
18 1217
1896111814 14
16 5.95
18 5 18 14 10 8 6 17106 6
16
18
11
2
1412
13 15
16
12
11 10 12 12 17 17 7 25 7 20 18
19 10
14
20
20
19
20
20
17
19
19 20 20 9 10
19 19 1514 12 10 10 17 14 20 10
9
68 18
14
18
17
16
15 13 19 174 2812
9 17 7 4618 855 14
68 11
13 5.965 6 11 68 3000 5 17 2020
5.745
213 19
20
18
19
20
18 17 4319
18 163 13
18
61220
15
2010 15 1120 213
16 9 5.965 7
2 3 10
10 20
17
19
19
18
17
16 17 413 5.745
9 5 9
1211
10 20 4 18 9 8 18
18
20
19 111201675 19
14 3 7 13 9
19 15 20 126 8
18 1815 9 17
11 73
1 14 18 20
9 1582110 811
819
13 2015
310
1 13126 69 18 14 20
18 2085313520
5717 10 17
16 5.78 12
1115 76 1317
5 5.78 1214 7 19 5.54 12
19
15
10 410
201015 9314
14 920 12
13 5.54
3200 20 56
15 8
13
138
17
12 3 5 8 17 5 9 15
19 8 19
15
20
1113
206 10
14
2720
14
96 1120
20
8
9 13 14
159
7 152015 1120 20
12818 11 19 42 20
154 4 11
12
155 8 5 5312 46 20 20
16
10 2012
7513 19 4
12 5.595 16 4 181419
6 5.595 13 1 2 8 5.335 13 1861515
1214 1016 19 2014 5.335
17 12 11 16 20
10
11 1
15 9 15
17
12 8
18 42
15
20 14 13
314 184112
4 17
14 716
10611 12
6 17
10
13 7 8 12
49 1714 5 12 20 7 39 16413
11
6 15 18 1814 105 7 8 6 5 8 2016 7 1513
15 177312 117 8 7
8 7 520 10
19 12 20 2800 1320 1 16
4 16 5 1717
113616 19
17 5.41 10
14
8
17
9 4
88
28 2012
13
9
18 5.41 15 2011 13 3 5.13 16 149 127 519 11 5.13
6 78 14 6
9
11
510 67 18
14 711 15531
13 618
211
14 5
810 6 12
10
3100 6 19 62 135
15
6 4 3 10
6 6 12
18
19
13
13 111914 6
14 5 125 16
14 64 14
819
135315
8 18
6 17 5.225 15
17
12 19137 5 5.225 18 4.925 26
1120
14
4
9 8 9
71810 4.925
20 11 5 20 1361217 5 1619
15 5 414610
9 1218 41011 5
9 6 10 18 17121914
20 15
17 20
615
19 6 5.04 10
13
1118
810
58 5.04 19 4.72 18 8 4.72
11 4 12
13 519 4 17 4 4
175 20 179
3000 20 15
125 46
64 2600 18 20
15 4.855 6 12
11
12 4.855 20
18 4.515 8 4.515
3 141611
16 20
19 3
9 3 3
1813 7 20
11
8
12 448
19
20
13
18
19 4
8 6
4.67 5
17
9
6419
56 4.67 20
20
4.31 20
4.31
2 2 2 2
2900 4.485 4.485 4.105 4.105

1 1 2400 1 1
4.3 4.3 3.9 3.9
6 7 8 9 10 11 4 6 8 10 12 14
Saturn Arrival: V , km/s Saturn Arrival: V , km/s
Earth Launch: Date, yyyy/mm/dd Earth Launch: Date, yyyy/mm/dd
VVEES with Res VEEJS with Res (2,1)

TRAJECTORY PATH: 3 2 3 2 3 5 6 VINF : 2.00 TO 8.00 BY 0.10 km/s ALTMIN = 200.KM
LAUNCH DATES SEARCHED: 200101. TO 401231. BY 5.0 DAYS TFMAX = 3653.0 DAYS
(2,1;3,1) 20
8
20
8
TRAJECTORY PATH: 3 2 3 3 5 6 VINF : 2.00 TO 6.00 BY 0.10 km/s ALTMIN = 200.KM
20
6
6
20
3700 3700 12
7.805 7.805 5.935 5.935
19 19 19 19
3 19
13
10 13 3
99
10
20 17 1 19
17
114
16
20
19 19 18
1318 7.61 5 7.61 13 5.87 5.87
18 8 9
11 8 11
13 210
8
3600
15 18 19 17 18
912 18 8 18 3600 475 18 7 18
11 16
20 17 7.415 11 149811 7.415 5.805 4 5.805
7 8
20
17 17 4 914
18 13
10 17 2
195 17 11 5 11
18 12 7 1888 17
20 18 1
3 2020 7.22 11
17
13
10 7.22 14
10 5.74 5
20 5.74
10 11 20 16 19
11 17
12 16 3500 16 17 16
3500 1 7 19
19 2 7
17 7 4 7.025 9 7.025 5.675 16 8 5.675
9
11 1 19 9 9 15 11 18 15 Saturn Arrival: Total Time of Flight, days 20
74 2 15 8
14 15
15 12
17 14
11 16 420 13
10
18 6.83 11 10 11
7
17 6.83 19
17
2
16
5
14 5.61 5.61
13
10 53 17 13
78
11
10
13 5 818
14
18 11 8 14 3400 14 14
3400 11 17 19
18 13
6.635 17
5
6.635 5.545
18 36 81014 11
12 84
17 5.545
10
, km/s
16 17
Earth Launch: V , km/s


89
11 13 12 12 5 13
11 811 189 18 12
13 13 11
13
13
17 6.44 18
13 19 14
10
12 9 13
10 18 13
13
6 6.44 5.48 16 5.48
6 99
20 12
19
14
52
14
12 3300 4 12 9 17
8
19 12
3300 10 15 15 1910
Saturn Arrival: V
1174 6.245 20
15
16
16
17 16 6.245 14 5.415 8 5.415
2 18
17
17
16
16 18 11 9 19
19 17
18
14
19 11 7 11
7
11
12 9 15
15 20
20
14 6.05 20
514
213 18 6 29 15 6.05 5 5 5.35 5 5.35
13 10 20 17 47
10 3200 20 10 11 16 10
14 12 19
3200 19 12 5.855 11 14 5.855 7 5.285 5.285
16
9
8 19
19 6
3
11
16 20 8 5 20
11 18 9 198 9 4 9
6 511 17
5.66 16 5.22 7
7 5.66 14
1013 5.22
8 16 8 3100 8 11 8 10 14 8
12 20 1 5 18 19
3100 8 5.465 7 13 5.465 5.155 5.155
17 7
7 20 7 7 7
3 1 11 7 10
8
11
13
7
14 4 5 13
5.27 9 10
13 5.09 2 16
5
8 5.27 14
17
19
20 8 17 5.09
6 19 11 6 3000 8
16 6
4
6
8 7 7
17 2
3000 5.075 6 5.075 19 5.025 5.025
20
5 11
5 3 15 5 5 4 7 16 5
18 8 4 1
4.88 4.96 2 20
12 4.88 2900 4.96
4 4 4 6 10 4
12 5 14
2900 4.685 5 4.685 11 4.895 5
7
8
4
10
11
2 2 5 19 4.895
14 11 13
14
16
3 3 16 7 3 17
1
19 3
11 8
4.49 4.49 4.83 1 13 4.83
15 2 10
2
2800 20 2 17
2
4
2800 4.295 4.295 4.765 5 4.765
1 1 1 1
4.1 4.1 4.7 4.7
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Saturn Arrival: V , km/s Saturn Arrival: V , km/s
Earth Launch: Date, yyyy/mm/dd Earth Launch: Date, yyyy/mm/dd
VEVEJS VEEJS
Getting to Titan Trajectory comparisons
Launch Launch Sat. Arr. Sat. Vinf wrt Titan Arr. Titan Arr. Vinf wrt V at
Configuration Date Vinf Date Arr.Time Sat Date Time Titan atm
2nd back VVEES_Res(2,1 3/27/203
up ;3,1) 6 4.9 3/1/2046 16:03:45 5.7 3/10/2046 16:03:45 4.599 5.09
1st back VVEEJS_Res(2, 7/26/203 10/24/204
up 1) 4 5.4 3 0:35:10 4.318 11/1/2043 3:35:10 4.1706 4.71
4/22/203
prime VEVEJS 4 6 12/9/2043 18:50:32 4.224 12/18/2043 22:50:32 4.0912 4.64
3rd back
up VEEJS 2/6/2033 4.7 1/18/2043 2:46:46 5.4022 1/18/2043 0:46:46 4.7564 5.24
VVVEES_Res(2,1;3,1) = 4.266km/s + 227.968m/scorrection = 4.494km/s
VVEEJS_Res(2,1) = 4.477km/s + 234.323m/scorrection = 4.711km/s
V VEVEJS = 4.753km/s + 242.598m/scorrection = 4.996km/s
V VEEJS = 4.186km/s + 225.570m/scorrection = 4.412km/s
MpVVEES_Res(2,1;3,1) = 12210.292kg
MpVEEJS_Res(2,1) = 13173.199kg
MpVEVEJS = 14511.875kg
Future
Mp
Work
= 11858.565kg
VEEJS
Analyze launch windows and impact of mission delays

Backup Slides
Assumptions
Cleanup from parking orbit departure can be approximated
as 3% of the required V.
Interplanetary cleanup V100m/s based on Earth Bias
Removal
Titans perceivable atmosphere ends at an altitude of
1175km
Propellant mass calculations based on a Centaur SEC upper
stage with RL-10 engine. ms = 2316kg, mp/l = 4600kg, and
Isp = 450.5s
Patch conics approach assumes that time s/c arrives at
Saturn is also the time s/c arrives at Titan

8
3700 20
7.815
20 61919 18 12 19
20
17 12 69 12
1517 18
181062
19
720 14
124 7 6 19 18
17
5
6 14 17 2610
155 11 6 16
13 1911 20
20
191910 19 18
917 1 15
3 12 7.63
64412 58 18
14 6 14
17 13
209
16912 18 10 18
5 12 19 19 8 5 176 11 18 8
18 20 17 1919 1013 13
3600 11 289 15 20 20 1717
11 16
12 2011
12
10 15 158 7 10
10
9 411
19 8 1215 10 817
14 8
4 4 16
16 16 11 18 13
13 12 7.445
18 11 19 11 8 20
617 18 920
1310
8 9 12 9 1 15 16
1519 6
11
917 7
20 16
1512 17 12 17
134 20 11
10 15
4512
14 15 591512 16 20 17 188
20
19 20
18
7
913 11 12 13
14139 13
16
7.26
19 12 13 20 47 14
11
16 5
16 1213 1520 3 11 12 15
812 13
15
15
16
16
17 20 16
6 127
8 12 17
18
13
18
19
19
20
10
3500 4 18
17 16
3 11 20 18 13 8 12 7.075
12 615 11 11 201715 13 13 10 15
4 13 18 10 102 10 11 11
655 14 14 1112
17 811
13 8 12 12
13
611
11 18
19 13 6.89
10 13 18 10
10
210 14
15 20 910
989
12 13
105
19 2016 58
7 19 17
19 17
20 15 6.705

8
18 13 18 1812 10 69 13
3400 67 12
6
5 18 19
20 15 9510
14
19 11
8
5 6.52
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17 14 19 8
12 8
5 13 14 13 10
16 6.335
9
12
19 57 1216 11
76 10 18 99
3300 15
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6 6.15
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18 5 15 10
19 19 11 14
10 68 15 13 5.965
20
9 5 15 20 9
19
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16 5.78
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9 13
17 12 12
11 16 5.595
13 7
6 15
8
7 8 17 5.41
6 14 6
3100
14
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6
20 11 5
9 6 18
19 6 10 5.04
11 4
20
3000 15 4.855
3
13 7
18
8 6
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2
2900 4.485
1
4.3
6 7 8 9 10 11

11 8
20
7.815
12 19
11 7.63
8 11 18
19 18 20
13
12 18 16 10
15 10 10 7.445
13 14 13 19
10 8
10 7 15 17 9 20
20
10 17
14 13
17 19
18
20
10 14 18 12 612
20
18
8 17
16
16
13
11 13
13 19 15
20 12
15 13 15
15 7.26
19 8
16 6 17
3
15
10 179
14 16
1 6 13
13 12
14 6 7 13 13
7
10
14 12 9
19 9
11 4
13
16
4 19 19 20 8 18
20
12 7.075
16 2 1518
13
14 13 12
12 9 17 11 18 6 18
12
9
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9 11
15 10 20 7
7 13
17
20 18 16 11
12
20 19 5
16
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12
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9 19 1113 17 14 6.89
8
717
16 18
12
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18 191415 8
15

18 20 15 10
6
19 20
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10 20 176
88
10
11
19
11
20
7
20 5 1815 6.52
18 20 17 513 19
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9
6 16 1369 12
5 19 6
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9
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10
2012
13
9 5.41
6
9
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135
15
5
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17
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4
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20
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4 3
19
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48
18
659
19
4 4.67
5
176
2
4.485
1
4.3
Earth Launch: Date, yyyy/mm/dd

8
20
7.795
416 3 13 19
6 46 46 13 20 10 6
20 20
17 15 9 2 15 15
14 20 16
15 10 7 20
5
2
8 7.59
3600 20 620
11 16 14 14 12
15
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19
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19
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1014 8 4 19
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18 14 13
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20 19
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17
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16
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17 1817 1819
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17
20
20
17
201818 17 1720
13 2 17 13 12 10
12
18 19
19
20
20 17
17
18
19
2014
13
15
15
201613 18
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14 16 7.385
4
85 19
813 1 17 12 4 14 20 2017
17
1812
13
18
14
1914
15
19
20
15
1612 15
13 17
15
14
12 16
14
13 15 1414
1313
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12
11 5
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18
18 2016
2017
13
13
18
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1411
15
1911
15
19
2012
16
16
20 9
12
179
7
13
10
13
14
10
89
8 80 11 4
10
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12
11
1012
1113
1012
11
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184 15318 12
8
6
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18 1120
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17
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20
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1811
11
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19
19
209
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2
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13
166
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19
19
209
97
12
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178
44556
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8
11
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11
12
7
14
15
33445
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128
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8
0
13
10
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11
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7
6
12
4
5
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14
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34
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10
83
13
13
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1
9
7
43
8
6
5
4
8
10
6
3
11
6
8
5
11
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3
4
7
6
7
5
9
3
1
9
11
2
12
12
14
14 04
5
7
6
8
12
12
11
13
2
13
4
15
2
2 14
14
15
10
7
10
9
9
12
10
8
11
0
13
15
16
17
14
14
15
12
13
11
16
13
14
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17
15
15
17
1817
18
18
18
19
1919
20
2020
20
10 18 18 7 19 10 18
18
2018
22018
233
1116
19
1916
22
17
17
20
1 15
15
2
18
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16
1
19
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1
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17
17
20
20
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16
18
2
19
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17
18
19
2018
20
2019
20
20 7.18
12 4 10
5 1712 1 19 14 20 1 19 17 16
7 13 7
10 11 3 6 20 13 9 20 431320
5 17 7 124 20
9 15 2018 16 6.975
3400 18 6311716 6 2015 19 20
8 11 16198410 16 5
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4
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13 10 7 38 13 20
9
196
1141520231 12 1617 18 816 14
11 16
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6
14
20 5 7
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19 10 20 8 37 18

6 14
9 10 11
1013 13
4 18 11 20
11
8 3519
13 19 11 12
3200 11 4 14 97 8 4 69 14
6 19 12
12 16 6.36
20 19
13 2 18 12
1420
2011 3 8 11 2
17 496 2020
15
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11 10 18
812 20 18
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10
9
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5 18 694 5 8 16 19
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18
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9
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17 5.95
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12
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3000 2
7
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1 4 18 9
17
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5 5312 46 20
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15
17
12 17 18 2
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1320 8 6 8
2800 15 2011 13 1 3 5.13
18
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43 6
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1619
15 5
15
17
19 4.72
17 4
20
2600 18
20
18 4.515
20
19 3
19
20
20
4.31
2
4.105
2400 1
3.9
4 6 8 10 12 14

8
20
7.795
10 19
14 7.59
11
167 18
14
20 3
7.385
20 15 2083 4 17
20 205
20 7.18
19
18 15 198 1 16
19
17 192
12 17
18 6 6 6.975
16 189 44
16 14 12
18 20 15
20 15 18 13
17 20
20
19
20
18
17
15 15 20
20 9
6 12 8 6.77
19
14
16
20
18
15
13
11
20
17
12
14
10
19
168 142017 18
17 511 19
11
13
9
18
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20
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16
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13
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6
5
6
4
3
5
3
2
4
5
4
3
23
4
3
6
4 1319174 12
20 19
20
14
17
11
20
12
169
7
5
13
6
10
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6
4
2
4
3
2
3
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1219167 13717 314 6.565
19
15
12
12
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1 10 5517

13
14
11
9
5
7
4
5
62
1
2 18
2011
17
12
16
13
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15
9
12
19
18
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11
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3
10
20
13
96
4
7
3
5
7
41
2 1215
20 15 2 20 13
1713
148
10
8
11
17
13
76
5
2
3
6
41
1 13 18
14
1114167 52 7 18
20
16
12
139
12
159
7
20
10
155
2
3 1013 20 6.36
10 1811
168
19
14
6
10
8
12
18
10
149
8
6
13
7
17
13
10
9
12
4
5
3
2
11 13 15 5
1813 17
18
17
20 7
20
16
11
8
9
20
15
15
19
146
8
10
4 1012
16 12 8
205 37 19 12
17
2014
127
18
13
17
9
12 9 1115 17
20
16
15
17
1916
11
13
20
15
10 16
20 1120
820 3 15 6.155
20
19
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19
1813 10208 17 19
19
18
12
14
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16
18
17
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13
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2
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18
17
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13
15
14
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19
20
20
20
17
19
19 20 174 2812 20 9 10
2
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9
8 18
14
17
18
16
15
19
20
18
19
13 9
3191773 4
1718 55
618
8 14
18
10 18
20
20
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19
19
18
17
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419
4 13
16 61220
15 5.745
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18
20
19 14
11120167 5 1913
3
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18
14 209 1582 819
11013 2015
18 20 3
5 5 5
317
20 20 10 17
12
19
15
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20 20
15
41013
208 2 3207
1 14
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14
12
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19
15
20
12 11 20
14
19 6 7
10
14
9
6
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20
8
20
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10
7
11
20
18
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19 4 4
15
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13 12
13 186112 10 19
611 2014
12 5.335
4 18
13
314
20
14 177 3716
41 910
16 13 6 17
10 11
15
15 13
17 3 4
11
7 8 7
16 16 7
5 1217
3
11 19
4 16 4 17
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6
16
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618
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12
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15
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4
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3
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20
4.31
2
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1
3.9

8
20
3700
7.805
13 19
3 19 10
18
19 19 18
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8
3600
15 18 19 17 18
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20 20 17 7.415
8 17 17
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20 18
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19
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15 12
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11
18
7
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13
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13 5 18
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81014 6.635
18 36

16 89
11 13
11 811
12
17 9 6.44
99
20 12
3300 6 10
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2 18
17
17
16 18 11
12 16
15
9 15
14
14
5213 6.05
13 10
14 12
3200 19 12 5.855
16
11 9
6 511
5.66
8
3100 12
8 5.465
7
5.27
6
3000 5.075
5
4.88
4
2900 4.685
14 3
4.49
15 2
2800 4.295
1
4.1
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

8
20
7.805
99 19
13 3 10
20
5 9 7.61
118 18
11
911
11 14 8 7.415
4 914
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11
17
13
10 7.22
17
12 16
9 7.025
18
11 15
6.83
17 11 14
18 5 8
17 11 6.635
12
V, km/s

10 17
12 12
189 18 12
13
18
13 19
13
10 18 13
13
6 6.44
14 12
19 15 52
14
15
Saturn Arrival:
15
16
16 16 6.245
9 19 17
18
19 17 14
19 11
20
20
20 6
18 29 15 6.05
20 17 10
19 47
11 14 5.855
8 19
19 6
3
18 9
7 5.66
16 8
20 1 5 18
13 5.465
7 7
17
20 7
3 1
9
19
8 5.27
11 6
8 7
6 5.075
3 15 5
18
12 4.88
4
12
5 4.685
11
3
11
10 4.49
2
4
4.295
1
4.1

6
20
3700
5.935
19 Created in
17 1 19
17
114
16
13 5.87
8 11
13 210
8
475 18 conjunction
3600
5.805 with Kevin
2
195 17
14
10
1
5.74 Kloster
3500 16
2
5.675
20
74 2 15
16 420
11 19
17
2
16
513
14 5.61
7
11
8
10
3400 14
84
17 5.545

5
13 13
5.48
3300 4 12
1910
14 5.415
7 11
5 5 5.35
3200 20 10
11
16
7 5.285
20198 9
17
16 5.22
14
1013
3100 8 11 8
5.155
7
11
10
13
14 5.09
3000 8
16 6
7
17
19
20
5
5.025
5
8 4
4.96
2900 4
5
11 4.895
16 7 3
2800 20
4.83
2
4.765
1
4.7
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

6
3700 20
5.935
19
17 19
1
16
14 1 17
13
11
2
10
8
4
7 8 13 5.87
3600 5 18
5.805
2 5 19 17
1
10 14 5.74
3500 2
16
2 4 7 20 5.675
16 15
4
20 11
2 19
17
16
5
14
13
7
11
8 5.61
3400 10

14
4 5 8 17 5.545
13 13
5.48
3300 4 19
12
10 14 5.415
7 11
5 5 5.35
3200 20 10
7 11 16 5.285
20
19 9
8
17
16
10
14 5.22
3100 13
11 8 8
5.155
7
11
10
3000
13
14
8 5.09
16
7 6
17
19
20
5 5.025
8 5
4
2900 4.96
5 4
7
11
16
4.895
3
2800 20 4.83
2
4.765
1
4.7

Codes
Propellant mass code
Mpl = input('Enter the payload mass ');
Ms = input('Enter the inert mass ');
DelV = input('Enter the required delta V ');
Isp = input('Enter the Isp ');
gravity = 9.80665/1000;
Mp = exp(DelV/(gravity*Isp))*(Ms+Mpl) - (Ms+Mpl);
fprintf('The required propellant mass is %f (kg)\n',Mp);

Codes
S/C velocity at Titan atmos. encounter
mu_Titan = 8978.19;
at_alt = 1175;
rad_Titan = 2576;
inbound_Vinf = 4.7564;%input('Please enter the Vinf relative to Titan ');
a = -mu_Titan/(inbound_Vinf)^2;
r = rad_Titan + at_alt;
rp = rad_Titan;
i = 1;
while rp <= (rad_Titan + 1175)
v(i) = sqrt((mu_Titan/abs(a)) + (2*mu_Titan/r))
flyby_alt(i) = rp;
rp = rp + 25;
i = i+1;
end
plot(flyby_alt,v)
title('Velocity at which spacecraft encounters Titan atmosphere');
xlabel('Radius of periapses of approach orbit (km)');
ylabel('Spacecraft velocity (km/s)');

References
Goodson, T. D., Gray, D. L., Hahn, Y., and Peralta, F., Cassini
Maneuver Experience: Launch and Early Cruise, AIAA Paper 98-
4224, June. 1998.
Jokic ,M., STOUR Plot, 2003. Accessed February 2010
Krebs, G.D., Centaur, Gunters Space Page, 3/18/2009
[http://space.skyrocket.de/index_frame.htm?
http://skyrocket.de/space/doc_stage/centaur.htm Accessed 1/23/10]
Strange, N.J., and Longuski, J.M., Graphical Method for Gravity-
Assist Trajectory Design, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol.
39, No. 1, Jan-Feb 2002
Wade, M., Centaur, 1997 2008
[http://www.astronautix.com/stages/centaur.htm Accessed 1/23/10]
Yam, H., Relative velocity code, June 2007. Adapted February 2010

William Kamizeles
2/09/10
Structure
Airship
Mass and Materials

Airship Gondola
Box area- 2.5m x 2m x .65mMass- 960
kg
Red- Li-ion battery
Orange- ASRTG
Yellow- MMRTG
Blue-Doppler
Magenta- Polar
Green- Vis/IR
Cyan- Radar Alt.
Pink- Weather
Dark Blue- Mag
Purple- Surface Rov
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Structure-William Kamizeles
2
Airship Skin
Hexa-Laminate Polyerterfilm-Adhesive-Polyester Fabric
Area density- 94 g/m^2
Pull Strength- 16400 N/m
Leak Rate- 3.6 g/month/m^2
Future Work
Looking at attachment of the Skin to
the Gondola
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Structure- William Kamizeles 3
Backup Slides
Science v(m^3/kg) Mass of suport
Polar 0.00027 0.018408942 0.046022355

v(m^3/k Mass of
Science
Weather g) suport
1.2857E-05 0.01173655 0.016431171
0.01840894
Polar
S.R. 0.00027 2 0.046022355
0.00163755 0.052018633 2.382453406
1.2857E-
Weather 05 0.01173655 0.016431171
Mag 3.0645E-05 0.01220171 0.004880684
0.001637 0.05201863
S.R. 55 3 2.382453406
Doppler 0.00870966 0.175434324 1.052605947
3.0645E-
Mag 05 0.01220171 0.004880684
Radar Alt 0.008709 0.17543432 0.00082294 0.032378496 0.051805593
Doppler 66 4 1.052605947
Vis/IR 0.000822 0.03237849 0.00666514 0.148433692 1.039035845
Radar Alt 94 6 0.051805593
MMRTG 0.006665 0.14843369 0.00628688 0.142664536 6.13457503
Vis/IR 14 2 1.039035845
ASRTG 0.006286 0.14266453 0.0043116 0.108612728 17.55181676
MMRTG 88 6 6.13457503
Y = -844.28*v2+ 26.187*v + 0.0114
Li-ion 0.004311 0.10861272 0.0005253 0.024922953 0.042468713
ASRTG 6 8 17.55181676
Equation produce by Andrew 0.000525 0.02492295
Total suport 28.32209551
Li-ion 3 3 0.042468713
Rettenmaier
Total
suport 20% 28.32209551 33.98651461
20% AAE 450 Spring 2010 33.98651461
Backup Slides
Group Mass (kg)
Payload 68
Propulsion 220
Power 44.7
Control 248
Structure 352.84
Thermal 80
Comm 5.4
Total 820.94
20% 958.13
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
References
Hall J.L., Jones J.A., Brooke L., Hennings B., Van Boeyen R., Yavrouian
A.H., Mennella J., Kerzhanovich V.V. A gas management system for an ultra
long duration Titan blimp Advances in Space Research 44 (2009) pg. 116-
123
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Peter Edelman
2/21/2010
Structures Orbiter Subgroup
Ballute Pressure Tank Sizing & Tether
loading Analysis

Structures Peter Edelman
Pressure Tank Sizing
Tank Pressure versus Tank mass
Helium Gas 65
Must Fill Ballute Volume: 60
VPressure = 2846.6 m3 55
Assumptions: 50 X: 30
Y: 45.69
Tank Mass [kg]

Tank Factor = 6350[1] 45
Isentropic Flow Relations & Ideal Gas

40
Total Tank Pressure = 30 Mpa 35
Tank 30
Volume Diamet Materia Thicknes
Mass
[m ]
3
er [m] l s [cm] 25
[kg] 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.0949 45.7 0.566Al 6061 9.26 Tank Pressure [MPa]
Total Mass (Tank + He):
Ti Alloy 0.579
554.1 kg Fig 1: Dependence of Tank Mass on
Tank Pressure.
Ballute Tethers F
Material: Loading Model:
Kevlar/Twaron [3]
Density: 1440 kg/m3

gave = 4.944 m/s2
Yield Strength: 2.76 GPa!! gmax = 5.67 m/s2
Quantities: = 0.726 m/s2
4 Tethers
L = 34 m (Ryan Garecht)
3 Loading = 7.122
Total Volume = 0.00678 m 3 m/s
Total Mass = 9.77 kg
2
L
(Stephanie Sumcad)
Future Work
More thermal controlling analyses F
Working together for more Fig.
accurate
2: Ballute Tether Model
physical Model (Not to Scale).
Backup Slides P Total Tank Pressure
D Mean Diameter
Relevant Equations t Thickness
fs Factor of Safety
V Tank Volume
Thickness Based on Hoop Ru Universal Gas Constant
Stress g Gravity at sea-level
Tank Factor
m Mass of Gas
Isentropic Flow Relations Specific Heat Ratio
YS Yield Strength
Ideal Gas Law T Temperature
P Pressure
Specific Gas Constant Volume of Sphere
Diameter of
Mass of Tank via Tank Factor
Tether

Backup Slides
Tank Pressure versus Allowable Diameter
0.75
0.7
Tank Diameter (Spherical) [m]
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
10 20 30 40 50 60
Tank Pressure [MPa]
Fig. 3: Dependence of Tank Diameter on Pressure.

Backup Slides
References
[1] Humble, R. W., Henry, G. N., Larson, W. J., Space Propulsion Analysis
and Design, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY, 1995.
[2] Gere, J. M., Mechanics of Materials, 6th ed., Nelson Engineering, 2005.
[3]" Polyaramid Polyparaphenylene Terephthalamide (Kevlar / Twaron) Properties and

Applications, May, 2003. [http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1992. Accessed
2/20/10.]

Ryan Garecht
February 23, 2010
Heat Shield, Aeroshell, & Ballute
Structures
Ballute and Balloon Sizing
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Ballute Mass and Size
Ballute Heating
Mass of Ballute Gas (He) 31.23 kg Ballistic Coefficient () 5 Kg/m2
Mass of Ballute Structure1 17.13 kg Heat Flux* (Q) 0.387 W/cm2
Total Ballute Mass 48.36 kg Temperature* 351.38 C
RT 13.21 m * Determined by Stephanie Sumcad of Trajectory Group
rt 3.30 m
Total Radius 16.51 m
Thermal Protection Blanket2 48.15 kg
Total Mass Fraction3 2%
Ballute Material: Kapton with an areal density of RT
rt
1
0.00994 kg/m2 corresponding to 7 microns thick
2
From Kevin Fernandez of Aerodynamics Group
3
Based on S/C Mass of 4756 kg reported by the Google
docs Spreadsheet on 02/19/10
Ryan Garecht 2010
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Structures Ryan Garecht
Balloon Gas Storage
Sizing Tank for
Balloon Gas
Balloon to be deployed after Lake Lander,
Airship, and Ballute separation to stabilize the
Orbiter Titanium Spherical Tank
Mass of Balloon 2.36 kg
Mass of Gas (He) 1.24 kg Diameter of Tank* 0.193 m
Mass of Structure1 1.12 kg Mass of Empty Tank* 0.774 kg
Volume 113.1 m3 Mass Tank + Gas* 2.014 kg
Diameter of Balloon 6m Tank Pressure* 30 MPa
1
Ballute Material: Kapton with an areal density of * Determined from the MATLAB coded developed by
0.00994 kg/m2 corresponding to 7 microns thick Andrew Rettenmaier of Structures Group
Future Work: Ballute/Balloon Storage and

Deployment
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Backup Slides Ballute
Code
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides - Values
Explanation of values used in calculation:
Gas: Helium @ 100K => density of 0.010971 kg/m3 (Source Andrew Rettenmaier of
Structures Group)
Kapton Areal Density = 0.00994 kg/m2 corresponds to 7 micron thick material
Ballute Material Limiting Factors:

Qstag 2 W/cm2
T 500 C
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Values at Various Ballistic Ratios:
6076.635 Right hand of equation 4294.514
Right hand of equation 9 4294.414
6076.536 Left hand of equation 6
Left hand of equation 1 4294.514
6076.637 Mass Total (kg) 5
Mass Total (kg) 2 Mass of Ballute (kg) 522.3145
2304.437 Beta 1 Mass of Ballute
Mass of Ballute (kg) 2 Structure(kg) 97.5994
Beta 0.5
Mass of Ballute Mass of Ballute Gas(kg) 424.715
Structure(kg) 276.7277 Radius T Ballute (meters) 31.5414
2027.709 Radius t of Ballute (meters) 7.8853
Mass of Ballute Gas(kg) 5 Radius Total of Ballute
Radius T Ballute (meters) 53.1109
4044.073 (meters) 39.4267
3948.617
Radius t of Ballute
Right hand (meters)
of equation 13.2777
8 Right hand of equation 8
Radius Total of Ballute 4043.973 3948.520
(meters)
Left hand of equation 66.3886
9 Left hand of equation 3
4044.074 Mass Total (kg) 3948.618
Mass of Ballute (kg) 271.8741 Beta 2 Mass of Ballute
Beta 1.5
Mass of Ballute Structure(kg) 44.7144
Structure(kg) 61.1652 Mass of Ballute Gas(kg) 131.7036
Mass of Ballute Gas(kg) 210.7089 Radius T Ballute (meters) 21.3491
Radius T Ballute (meters) 24.9694 Radius t of Ballute (meters) 5.3373
Radius t of Ballute (meters) 6.2424 Radius Total of Ballute
Radius Total of Ballute (meters) 26.6864
(meters) AAE 450 Spring 2010
31.2118
3899.726 3870.541
Right hand of equation 9 Right hand of equation 1
3899.629 3870.443
Left hand of equation 8 Left hand of equation 2
Mass Total (kg) 3899.727 3870.541
Mass of Ballute (kg) 127.527 Mass Total (kg) 3
Beta 2.5 Mass of Ballute Mass of Ballute (kg) 98.3413
Beta 3
Structure(kg) 35.2685 Mass of Ballute
Mass of Ballute Gas(kg) 92.2586 Structure(kg) 29.1209
Radius T Ballute (meters) 18.9605 Mass of Ballute Gas(kg) 69.2204
Radius t of Ballute (meters) 4.7401 Radius T Ballute (meters) 17.229
Radius Total of Ballute Radius t of Ballute (meters) 4.3072
(meters) 23.7006
3851.379 Radius Totalofofequation
Right hand Ballute 3837.951
Right hand of equation 3 (meters) 21.5362
3837.852
3851.280 Left hand of equation 8
Left hand of equation 7 3837.951
3851.379 Mass Total (kg) 1
Mass of Ballute (kg) 79.1795 Beta 4 Mass of Ballute
Beta 3.5
Mass of Ballute Structure(kg) 21.5834
Structure(kg) 24.7951 Mass of Ballute Gas(kg) 44.1677
Mass of Ballute Gas(kg) 54.3844 Radius T Ballute (meters) 14.8326
Radius T Ballute (meters) 15.8979 Radius t of Ballute (meters) 3.7081
Radius t of Ballute (meters) 3.9745 Radius Total of Ballute
Radius Total of Ballute (meters) 18.5407
(meters) AAE 450 Spring 2010
19.8724
3828.081
Right hand of equation 6
3827.982
Left hand of equation 9
3828.081
Mass Total (kg) 7
Mass of Ballute (kg) 55.8817
Beta 4.5
Mass of Ballute
Structure(kg) 19.1034
Mass of Ballute Gas(kg) 36.7784
Radius t of Ballute (meters) 3.4886
Radius Total of Ballute 3820.559
Right hand of equation
(meters) 7
17.443
3820.464
Left hand of equation 4
3820.559
Mass Total (kg) 8
Mass of Ballute (kg) 48.3598
Beta 5
Mass of Ballute
Structure(kg) 17.1301
Mass of Ballute Gas(kg) 31.2297
Radius t of Ballute (meters) 3.3035
Radius Total of Ballute
AAE 450 Spring 2010
(meters) 16.5176
Backup Slides Previous
Aeroshell Work
Values of the Aeroshell Presented on 02/09/10 by Ryan Garecht:
Structure:
SRAM-20 Front Shield, SLA-561V Back Shield, Graphite Polyimide

Faceplates, 5052 Hexagonal Aluminum Honeycomb
Total Aeroshell Mass Fraction: 28%
Values of the Aeroshell Presented on 02/23/10 by Kevin Fernandez:
Structure:
SLA-561V Ablator, Graphite Polyimide Faceplates, 5052 Hexagonal

Aluminum Honeycomb
Total Aeroshell Mass Fraction: 30%

AAE 450 Spring 2010
Backup Slides Balloon
Code
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides - Sources
1
Lockwood, M. K., Titan Aerocapture Systems Analysis," 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Huntsville, AL, 20-23
July 2003.
2
Hrinda, G. A., Structural Design of the Titan Aerocapture Mission," 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Huntsville,
AL, 20-23 July 2003.
3
Laub, B., Thermal Protection Concepts and Issues for Aerocapture at Titan," 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit,
Huntsville, AL, 20-23 July 2003.
4
Munk, M. M., Moon, S. A. Aerocapture Technology Development Overview, IEEE Xplore, NASA-Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, Gray
Research Inc., Hunstville, AL. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4526545. Accessed 26 Janurary 2010]
5
Miller, M., Gulick, D, Lewis, J., Trochman, B. Stein, J., Lyons, D., Wilmoth, R. Trailing Ballute Aerocapture: Concept and Feasibilty Assessment" 39th
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Huntsville, AL, 20-23 July 2003.
6
Medlock, K. L., Longuski, J. M. Thermal Protection Tradeoffs for Ballute versus Aeroshell Entry and Descent at Mars,AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics
Specialists Conference and Exhibit, Honolulu, HI, 18-21 August 2008.
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Paul Hubbard
23 February 2010
Propelling FReD
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Paul Hubbard Airship (FReD) Propulsion
Airship (FReD) Calculations
Assume Results
Cd ~ 0.1
Vel = 8 m/s
Volume = 707m^3
Thickness Ratio = 0.33
Actuator Disk Theory
refined to Blade Element
Theory
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Airship (FReD) Calculations
Reason for Large Increase in Total Mass
cD changed from 0.03 to 0.1
More complicated model, results in larger losses of
converted power
Future Work
Refining Calculations, as well as looking at
other options (possibly lighter)
Comparing Ducted vs. Unducted
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Backup Slide
Blade Element Theory
Actuator Disk Theory
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide
AAE 450 Spring 2010 AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide

Backup Slide

Backup Slides
References (cont)
1. Lebreton, J-P., Titan Data from the Huygens Landing Site," The Planetary Society, [
http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/saturn/titan_huygens.html#disrsurface. Accessed
1/22/10.]
2. Cutts, A. J., Fairbrother, D. A., Hall, J.L., Jones, J. A., Lachenmeier, T., and Wu, J-J.,
"Montgolfier Balloon Mission for Mars and Titan," 3rd International Planetary Probe
Workshop, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Pasadena, CA, 2005, pp. 4.
3. McCormick, B. W., Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1979
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Derek Grohnke
Feb. 23, 2010
Propulsion Group
Orbiter propulsion subsystem:
Propellants, Tank Sizing
Derek Grohnke
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Tank Sizing
Tank Mass (kg) Volume (m3) Tank Diameter (m)
Fuel 16.5241 0.8237 1.163
Oxidizer 9.2404 0.3612 0.8836
Pressurant 72.4239 0.1184 0.6092
Totals* 117.83 1.564
Initial Pressurant pressure = 60 MPa

Helium mass req. = 11.67 kg
All tanks are composite material
Spherical shape
*includes 20% margin for
Factor of safety = 2 plumbing,valves, error, etc.
Derek Grohnke
Propulsion Group
Propellants and thrusters
Propellants Mass fuel/Mass oxidizer Vol fuel/Vol oxidizer (m3)
(kg)
Hydrazine/N2O 778.6483/486.6135 0.7755/0.3356
4 (1265.262 total)
Thruster Fuel Oxidizer 280 m/s total Delta_v req. (m/s)
Final orbit 100

MR-103 (0.9N) Hydrazine -
Attitude 30
445N HiPAT Hydrazine N2O4
Planetary 50
quarantine
Future Work Contigency 100
Schematic of orbiter propulsion

system
Attitude control propellant
Derek Grohnke
Propulsion Group
Backup
Equations used:
finert = minert/(mprop + minert)
Mprop = (mpay[ev/(Isp/g0) 1](1-finert))/
(1 - finerte v/(Isp/g0))
c = Ispg0
F = mdot*c
V = 4/3**r3
pV = mRT
Backup
Propellant Fuel mass/oxidizer mass Fuel vol/oxidizer vol
Combinations (kg) (m3)
Dual mode system

Hydrazine/N2O4
ME, Hydrazine
thrusters 778.6483/486.6135 0.7755/0.3356
Full Hydrazine
system 1220.853 1.216
Full HAN system 1077.346 0.7457
MMH/N2O4 system 343.524/594.297 0.3903/0.4099

Backup
MATLAB code (Amanda Chastain)
%Tank Volumes
%Oxidizer
Vo_pu = 0.335595498; %m3 - useable propellant volume
Vo_trap = 0.05 * Vo_pu; %m3 - unuseable propellant trapped in feed system
Vo_ull= (Vo_pu + Vo_trap) * 0.025; %m3 - uulleage volume
Vo_tank = Vo_pu + Vo_trap + Vo_ull; %m3 - total volume of tank
%Fuel
Vf_pu = 0.775546069; %m3 - useable propellant volume
Vf_trap = 0.05 * Vf_pu; %m3 - unuseable propellant trapped in feed system
Vf_ull= (Vo_pu + Vf_trap) * 0.025; %m3 - uulleage volume
Vf_tank = Vf_pu + Vf_trap + Vf_ull; %m3 - total volume of tank
Backup
%Tank Pressures
%Assumes a pressure fed system choosen from tank volumes
%Oxidizer
Po_tank = (10^(-0.1281*(log(Vo_tank) + 0.2498))) * 1e6; % Pa - tank pressure
%Fuel
Pf_tank = (10^(-0.1281*(log(Vf_tank) + 0.2498))) * 1e6; % Pa - tank pressure
%Tank Masses
fs = 2; %safety factor to account to errors (2- common for pressure vessels)
phi_tank = 10000; %meters- tank mass factor for metallic tanks (for composite tank)
g = 9.80665; %m/s2- gravitational constant
%Oxidizer
pb_o = fs*Po_tank; % pa design burst pressure
mo_tank = (pb_o * Vo_tank)/(phi_tank * g);% kg - tank mass
%Fuel
pb_f = fs*Pf_tank; % pa design burst pressure
mf_tank = (pb_f * Vf_tank)/(phi_tank * g);
Backup
%Pressurant Tanks
%Assuming using helium as pressurant
gamma = 1.66;
R = 8314/4.003; %Specific gas constant for helium
P_in = 60000000;% Pa - Assumed initial pressure (~10000 psi)
T_in= 293; % K - Assumed inital temperature
Pf = (Po_tank + Pf_tank)/2; %final tank pressure - average of fuel/oxid pres
Tf = T_in * ((Pf/P_in)^((gamma -1)/gamma));
Vf = (Vf_tank + Vo_tank);
(Derek Grohnke)
% Must iterate to find volume of pressurant storage tank
V_press(1) = Vf;
m_press(1) = V_press(1)*Pf/(R*Tf);
V_ptank(1) = m_press(1)*R*T_in/P_in;
V_press(2) = Vf + V_ptank(1);
i = 2;
Backup
while abs(V_press(i) - V_press(i-1)) > 0.0001
m_press(i) = V_press(i)*Pf/(R*Tf);
V_ptank(i) = m_press(i)*R*T_in/P_in;
V_press(i+1) = Vf + V_ptank(i);
i = i+1;
end
%Calculate mpress at intial conditions
% mpress_in = (Vf *P_in)/ (R*T_in) % kg pressurant mass at inital conditions
% V_ptank = ((mpress_in*R*Tf)/ (Pf)) - (Vf) % m3 % required pressurant tank volume
% %Use inital values to compute mass/volume of pressurant
% V_press = V_ptank + Vf %m3- volume of the pressurant
% mpress_f = (V_press*Pf)/(R*Tf) % Mass of the pressurant
mtank = (P_in * V_ptank)/(g*phi_tank); % Mass of pressurant tank
Backup Tank factor =
2500m
Tank Mass (kg) Volume (m3)
Fuel 66.0963 0.8237
Oxidizer 36.9617 0.3612
Pressurant 289.6957 0.1184

Backup Tank factor = 6350
(titanium)
Tank Mass (kg) Volume (m3)
Fuel 26.0222 0.8237
Oxidizer 14.5518 0.3612
Pressurant 114.0534 0.1184

Backup
References:
Humble, R.W., Henry, G.N., Wiley, J.L., Space
Propulsion Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill, 1995.
Kwok, J., Jupiter System Observer Mission Study: Final
Report, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, CA, Nov. 2007.
Wade, M., HiPAT, 2008.
[http://www.astronautix.com/engines/hipat.htm]
Steven Murphy
Feb 23, 2010
Propulsion Engineering
Lake Lander Combustion Propulsion
System and Reevaluation of Electrical
System
Previous Work: Electrical Propulsion and
Propeller Design

Internal Combustion Engine
Concepts
LO and H O oxidizers will not survive the trip to Titan
2 2 2
Combustion of MON25 with ambient hydrocarbon/Nitrogen considered

Not possible, temperature too low to support combustion
Ignition systems to use 250+ watts
Hypergolic combustion/expansion considered (UDMH and MON25)

Similar to Hydrazine decomposition, but H2O product results.
Best concept is a Hydrazine decomposition/cylinder expansion engine.

Thrusters pulse at minimum mass throughput every 0.15 sec.
Power yield greater than electrical system is not possible
Hypothetical Hydrazine Decomposition Performance Specs
P(s) (W) P(e) (W) M(eng) V(eng) M(fuel) V(fuel) m^3 Vel (m/s)
260 40 50 kg 0.2 m^3 1050 kg 1.05 ~1.15

Steven Murphy (Propulsion)
Conclusions and Electrical
Reevaluation
Most combustion engines are unfeasible and lubrication nightmare
Hypothetical hydrazine performance is even questionable and
fuel must be maintained at ~0 Deg C.
Electrical System Update
Two propellers/motors will be used, one in each pontoon hull
System/Propulsion Parameters
Cd (pontoons) P(e, tot) (W) Vel (m/s) M(tot) (kg) V(tot) m^3 D(prop) m
0.481 360 1.31 70 0.1 0.26
Future Work
Develop design upgrades to thermally manage motor/gearbox as well
as maintain lubrication
Refine system values when possible and group updates come through

Backup slide Variations of Electrical
Propulsion System
Variations of Different Parameters for the Electrical Propulsion System for the Lake Lander
Drag geometry includes the two hulls submerged at indicated draft and two prop/duct assemblies fully submerged with propeller
diameter of 0.26m. Coefficient of Drag has been updated 0.481 with CFD of the two pontoons.
Assumes constant n=7.7 (rev/s) Assumes constant n=7.7
and cross sectional area Assumes constant Cd=0.481 and cross (rev/s), Cd=0.481, and cross
R=0.375 m w/ two hulls at half sectional area R=0.375 m w/ two hulls sectional area R=0.375m w/
draft at half draft two hulls
Cd V (m/s) Pele (W) n (rev/s) V (m/s) Pele (W) Cavnum Draft % V (m/s) Pele (W)
0.31 1.50 331 6 1.02 171 4.857 0.25 1.53 325
0.36 1.44 342 6.1 1.04 180 4.699 0.3 1.48 335
0.41 1.38 351 6.2 1.06 189 4.549 0.35 1.43 343
0.46 1.33 358 6.3 1.07 198 4.406 0.4 1.39 350
0.51 1.29 365 6.4 1.09 207 4.269 0.45 1.35 356
0.56 1.25 370 6.5 1.11 217 4.139 0.5 1.31 361
0.61 1.21 375 6.6 1.12 227 4.014 0.55 1.28 366
0.66 1.18 379 6.7 1.14 238 3.895 0.6 1.25 370
0.71 1.15 383 6.8 1.16 249 3.782 0.65 1.22 374
0.76 1.12 387 6.9 1.17 260 3.673 0.7 1.19 378
0.81 1.09 390 7 1.19 271 3.569 0.75 1.17 381
0.86 1.07 393 7.1 1.21 283 3.469 0.8 1.14 384
0.91 1.05 395 7.2 1.23 295 3.373 0.85 1.12 386
0.96 1.02 397 7.3 1.24 308 3.281 0.9 1.10 389
1.01 1.00 399 7.4 1.26 321 3.193 0.95 1.08 391
1.06 0.99 401 7.5 1.28 334 3.109 1 1.06 393
1.11 0.97 403 7.6 1.29 347 3.027
1.16 0.95 405 7.7 1.31 361 2.949
1.21 0.94 406 7.8 1.33 375 2.874
1.26 0.92 408 7.9 1.34 390 2.802
1.31 0.91 409 8 1.36 405 2.732
Legend
Prevoius (Old) Quote AAE 450 Spring 2010 4
Suggested New Range
Backup slide Hydrazine ICE
Prop Specs Component/System Specs
Thruster Model Model No CHT-1N By Astrium Space
Transportation
Mass Flow Rate (kg/s) 0.000163
Propellant Throughput (kg)* 52
Decomp Temp (Deg K) 860 (estimated)[2]
Expansion Pressure (kPa) 43
Expansion Volume (cc) 910
Mass/Injection (kg) 0.000025
Injections/sec = rev/sec 6.5
Power (W) 260
Velocity
* Hypothetical (m/s) system assumes
Hydrazine ~1.15 unlimited
(using previous power::velocity
propellant throughput[1]relationships)
Additional product properties returned from model in CEA with ultra rich (=9)
Hydrazine/NTO combustion.
Backup slide Hydrazine ICE
Sketch
Refer to handwritten notes
on sketch for more specific
details about determination
of certain values.

Backup slide Drag Model
Sketch/Calculation

Backup slide References
[1] 1 N Monopropellant Thruster: Model No CHT-1N, EADS Astrium.
[http://cs.astrium.eads.net/sp/SpacecraftPropulsion/Monopropellant_Thrusters/
1N_Monopellant_Thruster_CHT-1.html. Accessed 2/21/2010.]
[2] Humble, Ronald W., Henry, Gary N., Larson, Wiley J. Space Propulsion
Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill New Your, NY, 1995, pp. 242-244

Joe Buckley
Feb. 23 2010
Power Group Leader
Orbiter Power Schematic
Orbiter Power Scheduling
Previous weeks:
Orbiter Power Supply
Power Source Investigation
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <1>
Mission Power
Final Orbiter Power
Schedule
Earth Time Battery Energy
(24 Hours) Draw(Wh)
0-3 Charge
4-6 117
7-9 Charge
10-17 462
18-24 Idle
Charge corresponds to battery

charging time and Idle
corresponds to battery inactivity
Note: Prop only needs
Battery Energy Available: 518 Wh instantaneous power
ASRG Power: 552 Watts
Source: David Stone
AAE 450 Spring 2010 Mission Power <2>

Mission Power
Power System Sketch:
Future Work
Design comparable to NASA TSSM Power Schematic
More Detailed Power Schematic

Interplanetary Thermal Management
AAE 450 Spring 2010 <3>
Mission Power
Backup Slides
Power from ASRGs: 552 Watts
Energy for 5 batteries: 1296 Watt-
hours
Energy per battery = 259 Watt-hours
1296Watthours
Energy / Battery
5batteries
Data from David Stone

Mission Power
Continuous Power Draws
System Power Draw (Watts)
Attitude 100
Structures 15
Thermal 33
Data Handling 50
Power Standby 20
Losses 48
Data Source: David Stone

Backup Slide
Communications Power
Draws
Link
Orbiter-Earth
Power Requirement(Watts)
150
Orbiter-Lake Lander 50
Orbiter-Airship 40
Orbiter-Probe 25
Assumed Lake Lander, Airship, and Probe links always active
Allowed 2 three hour blocks of time in the morning and evening for Earth link
Data is from Communications Group

Backup Slide
Communications Power schedule txt
MATLAB input data:
105
105
105
255
255
255
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
255
255
255
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

Backup Slide
Payload MATLAB txt input
178.125
file
168.125
168.125
168.125
168.125
148.125
148.125
148.125
148.125
This is a .txt version of the payload
274.125
274.125
power schedule from Jacob Bills
274.125
274.125
274.125
274.125
274.125
274.125
229.125
229.125
229.125
229.125
134.125
134.125
134.125

Backup Slide
Power Schedule Script

Basic Orbiter Power Shunt Radiator
Schematic:
ASRGs Diode Excess Power

Routing Power Distribution
Battery Control
Batteries Power
Loads
Design comparable to NASA TSSM Power

Schematic

Mission Power
Backup Slide
Power Schedule
Script Flow Chart

Backup Slide
References:
NASA, 2009 National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Titan Saturn System Mission
Study Final Report (Task Order
#NMO710851), January 30, 2009.
Used page 4-62 as comparison for my design.

Mike Iwanicki
2/23/10
Airship Power
Airship Power Diagram and Battery
Cycling
Previous weeks:
Power Scheduling and Power Options Study
Power Budget and ASRG Application
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Power System Diagram
Total Power System Mass: 53.80 kg
Total Power System Volume: 0.3025 m^3
Total Power System Steady Output: 110 W (EOM)
Maximum Power System Peak Output: 375 W
36V
36V
3.05A Data Storage
MMRTG Shunt 0.14A
36 V Power Bus System
@ 110W Regulator
36V
0.29A Radar
Altimeter
36V
3.05A 36 V Power Distribution Unit
36V
Step Down Shunt 1.11A Propeller
Transformer Regulator Actuators
Emergency
Communication?
3.6V 36V 36V
30.5A 3.05A 0.08A
Nephelometer 36V
Step Up 2.5A Emergency
3.6 V Power Bus 36V 36V
3.6V Transformer 0.04A 0.14A Maneuvers
30.5A Magnetometer Polarimeter
36V
2.5A Orbiter to
36V 36V
Meteorology 0.04A 0.42A Airship
V/IR Imager
Package
36V 36V 36V
0.44A 4.78A 0.69A Airship to
Radio-Doppler Rover
Orbiter
Battery: QL075KA
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Airship Power
Battery Charging Cycle
Future Work
Thermal
Control
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Airship Power
Backup Slide: Battery Specs /
Sums
QL075KA Battery Specs
Component Mass (kg) Volume (m^3)
Nominal Capacity = 72 Ah
Nominal Voltage = 3.6 V MMRTG 34 0.27030
Mass = 1.82 kg
Volume = 0.00079 m Batteries x 6 10.92 0.00474
Shunt Regulator x 2 1.2 ?

From Quallion Site:
Optimal charge->36A@4.1V for 36 V Power Bus x 2 1.32 ?
54 min
Power Distribution Unit .42 ?

Total Power=
36A*4.1V*.9hr=132.84W
Power Bus Capacitors 1.05 ?
Airship charge->30.5A@3.6V
Time to charge = 132.84W/
Total with 10% for support system 53.80 0.3025
(15.25A*3.6V)=145 min
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Airship Power
Backup Slide: Science Payload
Schedule
From: Adam Coulon

AAE 450 Spring 2010
Airship Power
Backup Slide: Battery Pack
Sizing
Hours Needed
1.0
Power Output
259.2
Qty.
2
Mass
3.64
Volume
0.00158
Wh= 259.2
Mass= 1.82
1.1 235.6 2 3.64 0.00158 Volume= 0.00079
1.2 216.0 2 3.64 0.00158 Power = 375
1.3 199.4 2 3.64 0.00158
1.4 185.1 3 5.46 0.00237
1.5 172.8 3 5.46 0.00237
1.6 162.0 3 5.46 0.00237
1.7 152.5 3 5.46 0.00237
1.8 144.0 3 5.46 0.00237
1.9 136.4 3 5.46 0.00237
2.0 129.6 3 5.46 0.00237
2.1 123.4 4 7.28 0.00316
2.2 117.8 4 7.28 0.00316
2.3 112.7 4 7.28 0.00316
2.4 108.0 4 7.28 0.00316
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide: Sources
Buchmann, I., Charging Lithium-ion Batteries, CadexElectronics, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada, 2006.
Rechargeable Lithium-ion Batteries QL075KA, Quallion.
[http://www.quallion.com/images-pdf/75Ah%20Satellite%20Cell.pdf. Accessed
2/18/10.]
Sakoda, D., and Horning, J. A., Overview of the NPS Spacecraft Architecture and
Technology Demonstration Satellite, NPSAT1, 16th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on
Small Satellites.
TSSM In Situ Elements: ESA Contribution to the Titan Saturn System Mission,
European Space Agency, ESA-SRE(2008)4, Feb. 2009.
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Airship Power
Kevin Quach
23 February 2010
Power Group, Probe Power Subsystem
This week: Probe Power Choice &
Backup Power
Last week: Lithium-Ion Battery

Powered Probe
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Airship/Probe Power
Current Probe Power
Requirements
Payload Instrumentation (peak): 81.6 W
Communications (peak): 25 W
Total Power Required (Safety factor of 1.2):
127.92 W
Power Budgeting
Payload: 45 W minimum
Communications: Assume constant 25 W
Possible power savings from payload and duration of
communications TBD
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Airship/Probe Power
Updated Recommendation
3 MMRTGs
No moving mechanical components
Technology Readiness Level (TRL): 7
BOM Net Power Output: 330 W 375 W
Total Mass: 132 kg
Total Volume: 0.6177 m3
Failure rate of ASRG: 0.016
One MMRTG as backup
Future Work
Work with payload group on power
scheduling
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Validate reliability
Airship/Probe Power of MMRTGs
Backup Slides
Failure Statistics
Power Source Instances of Probability of Failure Rate
Failure Failure (failures/hour)
ASRG TSSM, not tested - -
RTG 4/27 14.815% -
RHU 1/7 14.286% -
Lithium Ion - .00003%* -
Battery
PEM Fuel Cell - - 1.66x10-6
Nuclear Reactor 3/35 8.571% -

*Not space-rated
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Airship/Probe Power
Backup Slides
Failure Rate
Defined as the probabilty that a

failure occurs in a specified
interval
R(t): Probability of no failure before
time t
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Airship/Probe Power
Backup Slides
MMRTG ASRG
BOM Net Electrical Power 123 W e 140 160 W e
Total Mass per Unit 44 kg 22 20 kg
Specific Power 2.8 W e/kg 6.4 8 W e/kg
Mass for >800 W e FS Mission 308 kg (861 W e) 132 kg (840 W e)
RPS System Efficiency ~ 6.3% > 28%
W e per kg Pu238 35 W e/kg 159 180 W e/kg
Mass of Pu238 per Unit 3.52 kg 0.88 kg
Number of GPHS Modules 8 2
Development Cost $94M ~$115M
Unit Cost $36M $20M
Hot / Cold-end Temperature 538C / 210C 640 850C / 80C
BOM Heat Output 1877 W t 360 W t
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Airship/Probe Power
Backup Slides
References
Sisworahardjo, N.S., Alam M.S., Aydinli, G., Reliability and availability
analysis of low power portable direct methanol fuel cells.
Krebs, Gunter, Nuclear Powered Payloads, November 2009.
[http://space.skyrocket.de/index_frame.htm?
http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sat/nuclear.htm. Accessed 2/6/2010.]
Hammami, Amer, Raymond, Nathalie, Armand, Michel, Lithium-ion
batteries: Runaway risk of forming toxic compounds.
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6949/full/424635b.html.
Accessed 2/6/2010.]
Laying the Foundation for Space Solar Power: An Assessment of NASAs
Space Solar Power Investment Strategy.
[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10202&page=38.
Accesssed 2/7/2010.]
Dudzinski, L. A., Radioisotope Power for NASAs Space Science Missions.
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Airship/Probe Power
Alexander Brunk
February 23, 2010
Attitude Controls and CAD Subteams
Lake Lander Design Update
Previous Weeks:
Submarine EOMs and Dynamics
Lake Lander Specs
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Lake Lander Design
Updated
Center platform and science
deployment system
More Detailed Lake Lander

(propulsion unit not included)
Sub. science model design from Kyle Kennedy
Science Battery specs from Travis Ramp
Future prop system design and specs by
Brandon Kan and Steven Murphy
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Attitude Controls
Mass Properties and EOM
updates uuuv
Center of mass P is located by this vector: OP 1.222 y 0.099 z
Center of mass in a desirable position:

Almost in center (XY) and slightly bottom heavy
O P Will move further back and down with prop.
Based on material volume of 0.464 m^3

and mass of 434.6 kg
222.531 0.038 0.148

I LL 0.038 210.982 0.5133 kg m2
Future Work
0.148 0.5133 338.56

Finish State-Space Controller for the Lake Lander

Work with Clara and Trajectory group on Optical
Navigation (if needed)
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Attitude Controls
Backup Slides Rendered Photo of Lake Lander
Controller will use state space control

with these equations for force inputs
(Clara Garmans EOMs)
x1 v
x2
B W D
x3 x&1 sin( x2 ) sin( x2 )
m m m
D B W D
x4 x&2 cot( x2 ) cos( x2 ) cos( x2 )
cot( x2 )
m( x1 ) m( x 1 ) m ( x1 ) m( x1 )
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Attitude Controls
Backup Slides
CAD model based on modifications of
these sketches by Brandon Kan
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Attitude Controls
Backup Slides
References
Greenwood, Donald T. Principles of dynamics. 2nd ed.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1988. Print.
Ridley, Peter, and Peter Corke. "Submarine Dynamic Modeling."
(2001): 1-8. Print
Lake Lander group
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Attitude Controls
Backup Slides
% Euler's Equations of Motion
wdot(1) = (Mx0-(I_s(3,3)-I_s(2,2))*w(2)*w(3))/I_s(1,1);
wdot(2) = (My0-(I_s(1,1)-I_s(3,3))*w(1)*w(3))/I_s(2,2);
wdot(3) = (Mz0-(I_s(2,2)-I_s(1,1))*w(1)*w(2))/I_s(3,3);
% Kinematic Equations of Motion

% Alexander Brunk wdot(4) = w(1)*cos(w(5))+w(3)*sin(w(5));
% AAE 507 Project wdot(5) = w(2)-(w(3)*cos(w(5))-w(1)*sin(w(5)))*tan(w(4));
% November 19, 2009 wdot(6) = (w(3)*cos(w(5))-w(1)*sin(w(5)))*sec(w(4));
function wdot = LakeLander_EOM(t,w) % Inertial Hydrostatic Forces

W = -m*g;
global m g I_s Mx0 My0 Mz0 x y z fx fy fz M_hx M_hy M_hz B = m*g;
F_hx = -(W-B)*sin(w(5));
if t <= 10 F_hy = (W-B)*cos(w(5))*sin(w(4));
My0 = 50; F_hz = (W-B)*cos(w(5))*cos(w(4));
fx = 50; M_hx = -y*W*cos(w(5))*cos(w(4)) - z*W*cos(w(5))*sin(w(4));
elseif t > 10 && t < 20 M_hy = -z*W*sin(w(5)) - x*W*cos(w(5))*cos(w(4));
My0 = 0; M_hz = -y*W*cos(w(5))*sin(w(4)) - z*W*sin(w(5));
fx = 50;
else figure(3)
My0 = 0; hold on
fx = 0; plot(t,M_hy,'k*')
end
phi_x = w(4); % Acceleration Equations of Motion

phi_y = w(5); vdot = A*[fx/m; fy/m; fz/m];
phi_z = w(6); vdot = vdot';
% Direction Cosine Matrix wdot(7) = vdot(1);

A = [cos(phi_z).*cos(phi_y) - sin(phi_z).*sin(phi_x).*sin(phi_y), -sin(phi_z).*cos(phi_x), wdot(8) = vdot(2);
cos(phi_z).*sin(phi_y) + sin(phi_z).*sin(phi_x).*cos(phi_y);... wdot(9) = vdot(3);
sin(phi_z).*cos(phi_y) + cos(phi_z).*sin(phi_x).*sin(phi_y), cos(phi_z).*cos(phi_x),
sin(phi_z).*sin(phi_y) - cos(phi_z).*sin(phi_x).*cos(phi_y);... % Rudder Torque Equations
-cos(phi_x).*sin(phi_y), sin(phi_x), cos(phi_x).*cos(phi_y)]; wdot(10) = - m*(x*(wdot(9)-w(7)*w(2)+w(8)*w(1))-z*(wdot(8)-w(9)*w(1)+w(7)*w(3)));
wdot(12) = - m*(z*(wdot(7)-w(8)*w(3)+w(9)*w(2))-x*(wdot(9)-w(7)*w(2)+w(8)*w(1)));
wdot = zeros(1,12); wdot(11) = - m*(x*(wdot(8)-w(9)*w(1)+w(7)*w(3))-y*(wdot(7)-w(8)*w(3)+w(9)*w(2)));
wdot = wdot';
return
end
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Attitude Controls
Backup Slides
MATLAB codes used for calculations of RB dynamics
% Alexander Brunk w_x = eoms(:,1);
% AAE 450 Week 4 w_y = eoms(:,2);
% February 09, 2010 w_z = eoms(:,3);
phi_x = eoms(:,4);
clc, close all phi_y = eoms(:,5);
global m g I_s I_f Mx0 My0 Mz0 x y z fx fy fz M_hx M_hy M_hz phi_z = eoms(:,6);
V_X = eoms(:,7);
I_s = [10.216,0,0;0,686.196,0;0,0,686.196]; V_Y = eoms(:,8);
I_f = [192.386,0,0;0,176.814,0;0,0,359.031]; V_Z = eoms(:,9);
Tx = eoms(:,10);
m = 327; g = 0.14*9.81; % Total Vehicle Mass (kg) Ty = eoms(:,11);
x = 2.5; y = 0; z = 0; % Rudder Distance from CoM (m) Tz = eoms(:,12);
phix = 0; phiy = 0; phiz = 0; % Initial Orientation (rad)
Vx0 = 0; Vy0 = 0; Vz0 = 0; % Initial Velocity (m/s) figure(1)
Wx = 0; Wy = 0; Wz = 0; % Instantaneous Angular Acc. (rad/s) plot(t,phi_x)
Mx0 = 0; My0 = 8; Mz0 = 0; % External Rot. Moments (N*m) hold on
fx = 0; fy = 0; fz = 0; % External Force Components (N) plot(t,phi_y)
plot(t,phi_z)
% Numerical Integration for the EOM figure (2)

t0 = 0; tf = 10; plot(t,w_x)
dt = [t0, tf]; hold on
w0 = [Wx,Wy,Wz,phix,phiy,phiz,Vx0,Vy0,Vz0,Mx0,My0,Mz0]; plot(t,w_y)
options = odeset('RelTol',1e-21,'AbsTol',[1e-19]); plot(t,w_z)
[t,eoms] = ode45('LakeLander_EOM',dt,w0);
theta = rad2deg(w0(3)*t);
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Attitude Controls
Backup Slides
MATLAB codes used for calculations of RB dynamics
% Alexander Brunk % Enter NavData
% AAE 450 Senior Design nav_beta = (pi/180)*input('Enter Navigation POI direction (degrees)\n'); %radians
% Lake Lander Control Inputs nav_alt = (1/1000)*input('Enter Navigation POI altitude (km)\n'); %meters
nav_dist = (1/1000)*input('Enter Navigation POI distance (km)\n'); %meters
% February 23, 2010
% Determine Required Rudder Deflection
clear all if nav_beta > fluid_dir
clc if abs(lake_moment/(rho*tail_area*rudder_length*V_lander^2)) > 1
stabilizer_delta_yaw = stabilizer_max_deflection;
% CONSTANTS else
stabilizer_delta_yaw = asind(-lake_moment/(rho*airship_tail_area*rudder_length*airship_vel^2));
rho_ref = 465; %(kg/m3) end
else
rudder_length = .5; %m
lake_moment = stabilizer_torque_arm*sin(wind_dir-nav_beta)*rho*tail_area*V_lander^2;
stabilizer_ref_area = 2 * 0.425; %m^2 if abs(lake_moment/(rho*tail_area*rudder_length*V_lander^2)) > 1
stabilizer_max_deflection = 30; % degrees stabilizer_delta_yaw = stabilizer_max_deflection;
lander_length = 20; %m else
r_lander = 0.375; %m stabilizer_delta_yaw = asind(-lake_moment/(rho*tail_area*rudder_length*V_lander^2));
lander_cross_a= 2*pi*r_lander^2; %m^2 end
tail_area = 2 * 0.425; %m^2 End
fprintf('Hold deflection of rudders at %f2 until Navigation Yaw achieved\n',stabilizer_delta_yaw)

% INPUTS AND CALCULATIONS
I = input('Input the total inertial matrix');

V_lander = input('What is current Lake Lander velocity (m/s)?\n');
% Determine External Moments on Lander from the Fluids

lake_moment = rudder_length*rho*tail_area*V_lander^2*sin(fluid_dir);
lake_force_x = -cos(fluid_dir)*rho*lander_cross_a*V_lander^2;
lake_force_y = -sin(fluid_dir)*rho*lander_cross_a*V_lander^2;
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Attitude Controls
Richard Lange
February 23, 2010
Attitude Control Group
Aerocapture Control
Previous weeks:
Control Analysis of Airship
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Aeroshell
Bank Angle Modulation Lift
Controlled spin
Assumptions
Cd_Ball = 1.37,Cd_sc = 1 C.M.
Stack
L/D = .25
Results V
Controlled lift changes FPA to alter trajectory

Manipulate spin rate with control thrusters
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Attitude Control
Ballute Aerocapture
Preliminary speculations
Dballute/ LBAM = 47.25
Effects appear negligible to control FPA
Controlled FPA difficult with ballute
Future Work Lift via BAM

Drag of Ballute
Control parts for airship Drag of Stack
Stack thrusters
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Attitude Control
Backup Slides
Sources:
Medlock, K. G., and Longuski, J. M., Thermal
Protection Tradeoffs for Ballute versus
Aeroshell Entry and Descent at Mars," AIAA
Paper 08-6428, Aug. 2008.
Medlock, K. G., and Longuski, J. M., Analytic
Solutions for Aerocapture, Descent, and
Landing Trajectories for Dual-Use Ballute
Systems," AIAA Paper 08-6062, Aug. 2006.
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Group Name (i.e.Trajectory Optimization)
Backup Slides
Sources:
Lafleur, J. M., and Cerimele, C. C., Angle of
Attack Modulation for Mars Entry Terminal
Optimization," AIAA Paper 08-6213, Aug.
2008.
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
Wet area of Ballute:
pi*RTOT^2-pi*(RT-Rt)
Fd = .5*p*v^2*A*Cd
Assume:
Dstack_max = 4.5 m
= 0*e^(-h/h0) Source: Ryan Garecht
0 = 5.44 kg/m^3
h0 = 40 km
LBAM = 0.25*Dballute
Source: Stephanie Sumcad
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
Calculations
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
% Brent Kam-Young & Rick Lange
% AAE 450 - Professor Longuski
% Flight Control Value Generator % Determine Current Airship Velocity
abc = 0;
while abc == 0
airship_vel = input('What is current airship velocity (m/s) as related to
clear all propeller output?\n');
clc if airship_vel < 0
disp('Negative altitude not possible, try again')
elseif airship_vel > 8
Imat = zeros(3,3); disp('Airship not within computable range')
abc = 0; else
while abc == 0 abc = 1;
Imat = input('Enter the inerial matrix') end
end
abc = 1;

end % Determine Wind Magnitude/Direction
% Determine Current Altitude abc = 0;
abc = 0; while abc == 0
wind_input = input('Is the wind random? (If yes, enter 1, else enter 0)\n');
while abc == 0
if wind_input == 1
alt = (1/1000)*input('What is current altitude (km) under 3 km\n'); wind_mag = 4*rand(1);
if alt < 0 wind_dir = 360*rand(1);
disp('Negative altitude not possible, try again') abc = 1;
elseif alt > 3 elseif wind_input == 0
wind_mag = input('Enter wind magnitude (m/s)\n');
disp('Airship not within computable range') wind_dir = (pi/180)*input('Enter wind direction (degrees), where 180 is a
else favorable tail-wind\n'); %converts to radians
abc = 1; abc = 1;
end end
end
end
% Determine other important constants
rho_ref = 5.4; %(kg/m3)
h_ref = 40*10^3; %km
rho = rho_ref*exp(-alt/h_ref); % density
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
wind_moment = stabilizer_torque_arm*sin(wind_dir-
stabilizer_torque_arm = 1.5; %meter
nav_beta)*rho*airship_tail_area*wind_mag^2;
stabilizer_ref_area = 2 * 0.425; %m2
if abs(wind_moment/
stabilizer_max_deflection = 35; % degrees
airship_length = 20; %meter (rho*airship_tail_area*stabilizer_torque_arm*airship_vel^2)) > 1
airship_radius = 3; %meter stabilizer_delta_yaw = stabilizer_max_deflection;
airship_cross_area = pi*airship_radius^2; %m2 else
airship_tail_area = 4 * 0.425; %m2 stabilizer_delta_yaw = asind(-wind_moment/
(rho*airship_tail_area*stabilizer_torque_arm*airship_vel^2)); %degrees
% Determine Winds Effect on Aifship
wind_moment =
end
stabilizer_torque_arm*sin(wind_dir)*rho*airship_tail_area*wind_mag^2; end
wind_force_x = -cos(wind_dir)*rho*airship_cross_area*wind_mag^2; fprintf('Hold deflection of rudders at %f2 until Navigation Yaw
wind_force_y = -sin(wind_dir)*rho*airship_cross_area*wind_mag^2; achieved\n',stabilizer_delta_yaw)

% Enter Navigation Data
nav_alt_difference = nav_alt - alt;
nav_beta = (pi/180)*input('Enter Navigation POI direction (degrees)\n'); %radians
nav_alt = (1/1000)*input('Enter Navigation POI altitude (km)\n'); %meters required_pitch = asind((nav_alt_difference)/sqrt(nav_alt_difference^2 +
nav_dist = (1/1000)*input('Enter Navigation POI distance (km)\n'); %meters nav_dist^2)); %degrees
wind_moment =
% Determine Required Stabilizer Deflection stabilizer_torque_arm*sin(required_pitch)*rho*airship_tail_area*wind_mag^2;
if nav_beta > wind_dir if abs(required_pitch) > stabilizer_max_deflection
if abs(wind_moment/(rho*airship_tail_area*stabilizer_torque_arm*airship_vel^2)) > stabilizer_delta_pitch = stabilizer_max_deflection;
1
stabilizer_delta_yaw = stabilizer_max_deflection; else
else stabilizer_delta_pitch = asind(-wind_moment/
stabilizer_delta_yaw = asind(-wind_moment/ (rho*airship_tail_area*stabilizer_torque_arm*airship_vel^2)); %degrees
(rho*airship_tail_area*stabilizer_torque_arm*airship_vel^2)); %degrees end
end
Else
fprintf('Hold deflection of elevators at %f2 until Navigation Altitude
achieved\n',stabilizer_delta_pitch)

AAE 450 Spring 2010

Michael Mueterthies
2/13/2010
Attitude Control Group
Attitude Controller Design
Aerocapture/Aerobraking Stability
Previous work: (Orbiter Attitude Determination and Control,

Disturbance torque analysis)
AAE 450 Spring 2010

1
Attitude Controller PerformanceEuler parameters vs Time Anglular Velocity vs Time
5
1 2 x 10 Control Torque vs Time
0.5
1
0.9
1
2
0.8 0

3
0
0.7
angular velocity (rad/sec)

4
-0.5
-1
Euler parameters
Control Torque (Nm)

0.6
-1
0.5 -2
0.4 -1.5
-3
0.3
-4 -2

0.2 1

-5 2
0.1 -2.5 x-axis
y-axis
3
0 -6 z-axis
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 -3
time (sec) Anglulartime (sec)vs Time
Velocity 0 500 1000 1500 2000 vs Time
Control Torque 2500 3000 3500 4000
-3
Euler parameters vs Time time (sec)
x 10
0 800
6
1
700
-0.005
5 2
600
3 -0.01
4
angular velocity (rad/sec)
500
4
Control Torque (Nm)

-0.015
3 1
400
Euler parameters
-0.02

2
2 300

3
-0.025
1 200
0 -0.03
100
-1 -0.035 0
-2 -0.04 -100 x-axis

y-axis
-3 -0.045 -200 z-axis
2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3570 3575 3580 3585 3590 3595
2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 time (sec) time (sec)
time (sec)
Conclusion: Linearized controller can control nonlinear

system
Pointing accuracy shouldAAEbe
450 at least
Spring 2010 0.1
Michael Mueterthies Attitude Control 1
Aerocapture/Aerobraking Stability
Upon separation from ballute, large torques on orbiter
Cause tumbling
Shape may be unstable in atmosphere
Methods for control
RCS thrusters
May not be able to overcome atmospheric
torque
May require significant amount of fuel
Proposed method
During aerocapture, use a second, small
balloon to stabilize orbiter after seperation
During Aerobraking, either use same balloon
Future Work
or spin-stabilize the orbiter
Improve controller simulation (disturbance torques, actuated antennas,
flexible booms)
Determine method for atmospheric stability
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Backup Slides Frame Definition
I Inertial frame
Fixed in Titan
O orbit frame o2 o1
Fixed in orbit
Rotates with the spacecraft
B Body Frame
Fixed in body
B = O when Euler angles are zero
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides Dynamic Differential
Equations
Dynamic Differential Equations
I B I B
d H cm I d I
I B
dI I B I B
M cm I
dt dt dt
Define
0 a3 a2 b1
a b a3 0 a1 b
2
a2 a1 0 b3
In matrix form
M 1 I11
B
I12 I13 I 1B 0 I B3 B 2
I
I11 I12 I 13 I 1B
d I B I B
M 2 I 21 I 22 I
23 2 3
I B
0 I B1 I 21 I 22 I 23 2
dt
M 3 I 31 I 32 I 33 I 3B I B 2 1
I B
0 I 31 I 32 I 33 I 3B
cm
Assuming rotation around principle axes
M 1 I11 0 0 I 1B 0 I B3 B 2
I
I11 0 0 I 1B
d B
I B
I B
M 2 0 I 22 0
2
3
I B
0 I B1 0 I 22 0 2
dt
M 3 0 0 I 33 I 3B
I B 2 1
I B
0 0 0 I 33 I 3B
cm
M 1 I11 I &1B ( I 33 I 22 ) I 2B I 3B

M 2 I 22 I &2B ( I11 I 33 ) I 1B I 3B
M 3 I 33 I &3B ( I 22 I11 ) I 1B I 2B
cm
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides Dynamic Differential
Equations
Assume only control moments and rearrange
M 1 ( I 33 I 22 ) I B I B
I
&1B 2 3
I11 I11
M 2 ( I11 I 33 ) I B I B
I
&2B 1 3
I 22 I 22
M 3 ( I 22 I11 ) I B I B
I
&3B 1 2
I 33 I 33
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides Kinematic Differential
Equations
Use Euler parameters to propagate orientation
4 3 2 1 O1B
O B
1 3 4 1 2 2
&
O B
2 2 1 4 3 O3B

1 2 3 4 0
I
1B
Need s in terms of
O B I B I O

I O
o3 [ I 1B 2( 3 1 2 4 )]b1 [ I2B 2( 2 3 2 4 )]b2 [ I3B (1 2 12 2 22 )]b3
is the spacecrafts orbital angular velocity

4 3
2 1 I 1B 2 ( 31 2 4 )

1 3 1 2 I 2B 2( 2 3 2 4 )
4
&
O B
2 2 4 3 I 3B (1 212 2 22 )
1

1 2
3 4 0

o3 b1 b2 b1
I O
O
B I B I O
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides -Linearization
Need to linearize the equation around an equilibrium point
Use a Taylor series expansion
x& Dx&|xe x
D is the Jacobianx&of
Xe is the equilibrium solution to be linearized about
qe chosen so that B = O
e chosen so that spacecraft rotation equals orbital angular velocity
e 0 0
I B T
0 0 0 1
O B T
e
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides - Attitude Controller
Developed Linear State-Space Model of system
For controllability, only six states could be used
4 not used in controller
1
(I I ) I 0 0
0 33 22 0 0 0 0
&1 1

11

I11
& 1
2 ( I11 I 33 ) 0 0
2
0 0 0 0 0
M 1
I 22
&3 I 3
1 M 2
22

& 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
I 33 M 3
&2 .5 0 0 0 0.5 0 2
0 0 0
&3 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0 3
0 0 0
0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Used pole placement to design a controller

Poles = [-10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15] (arbitrary)
Controller matrix
0.4283 0.0147 0.0000 6.1887 0.6050 0.0000
K 1.0e 005 * 0.0141 0.3722 0.0012 0.5258 4.4198 0.0283
0.0000 0.0010 0.2755 0.0014 0.0229 3.0064
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides Simulink Model
w
w
q
wdot 1
w0 xo s
I I
Integrator2 Scope
Mc
invI inv I fcn
K*u Mc
Gain qdot 1
[3x1] Md
q fcn q1
q0 xo s
Scope2 Integrator3
[3x1] Man Scope1
Main Body Eoms q
w_est w
q_est q
Sensors1
Terminator
time
Clock
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides Matlab Functions
Embedded Matlab Function for EOMs
Matlab initialization code
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Kevin Fernandes
February 23rd 2010
Hypersonic Aerothermodynamic
Analyst
Final Heat Shield Design
Previous Weeks Preliminary Aerodynamic analysis for heat

shield computations
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Heat Shield Analysis
Constraints With Ballute W/O Ballute
Entry Mass (kg) 4618* 4569
Entry Velocity (Km/s) 5.238 5.238
Entry Altitude (Km) 1175 1175
Max heat Flux(W/cm2) 0.387 7.087
Heat Shield No Yes
Required?
Heat shield- protection for Aerocapture and two Aerobraking

Ballute- Low Heat flux No Heat Shield TPS Material
Max Vel. Min Vel.
(Km/s) (Km/s)
Run # 1 5.326 2.42
Run # 2 2.42 1.77
* Ballute Mass = 49 Kg obtained from Ryan Garecht Run # 3 1.77 1.57
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Kevin Fernandes-Aero/Hydro/Heat Shield
Results Aeroshell
Total Mass = 1804 Kg*

DIMENSIONS
Diameter = 4.5 m
Front Shield Thickness = 8 cm
Back Shield Thickness = 6 cm
Mass excluding structure and 20% safety = 842 Kg
Mass fraction = 15.56%**
MLI (Multi Layer Insulation) For Ballute
Total Mass = 58 Kg***

Dimensions
Length = 2.2 m
Diameter = 4.5 m
Image by Group Member Daniel Glover
Thickness = Negligible
*Total Mass of aeroshell includes structural mass and the added 20% safety factor
** Mass fraction is just of the heat shield with 0% safety margin and no structural components
*** Total Mass of ballute TPS is affected by the change in dimensions of the spacecraft
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Backup Slides- Code for Aeroshell Mass
Calculation
clear all
close all
clc
% Created By Kevin Fernandes

% AAE 450 - Spring '10
% Heat Shield Mass computa4tions
% This code provides a simple alternative to the

% computation of heat shield mass/size and dimensions
% Preliminary Trajectory Analysis

% -------------------------------
% A Heat shield is required during the atmospheric re-entry into titans

% atmosphere. Trajectory analysis code run by team-member Jeremy Moon
% determined that three run throughs will be required for aerobraking and
% aerocapture. For each of these three runs through the orbit, there will
% be a certain portion of the orbit that involves travel of the orbiter
% through the atmosphere of Titan. For this portion of the trip we require
% a heat shield. The first run through will be the highest velocity run and
% hence by providing a heat sheild for the first run we may assume to be
% safe for the two subsequent runs since the velocity of the orbiter
AAE 450 Spring 2010

% decreases during the subsequent runs. This however is not possible since
% we are using an ablative heat shield. Hence we decided to compute the
% difference in energy for each run, sum them up to provide a net
% difference and then calculate the mass of the ablative heat shield
% required as explained below.
% Mass calculations
%------------------
% The mass is calculated based on a difference in energy

% From the time of re-entry and decent, the space vehicle is travelling
% at hypersonic speeds radiating and convecting heat fluxes through the
% evolution of shocks. As the vehile decends it reduces its velocity and
% dissipates huge amounts of energy in the form of heat. This heat flux
% eminated from a re-entry vehicle produces temperatures in the thousands
% Kelvin. This high temperature has a pontetial to melt away the body which
% would result in mission failure. Hence every space vehicle requires a
% heat shield to protect it from these extreme temperatures during
% re-entry.
% Calculation Methods
%--------------------
% Our space craft makes three runs through titans atmosphere for
% aerocapture and aerobraking.
% During each run the orbiter enters at an altutide of 1175 Km into Titan's
% atmosphere at a speeds of 5.6 Km/s, 2 Km/s and 1.77 Km/s for the three
% runs. It then reaches a minimum altitude of 300 Km during the first run
AAE 450 Spring 2010

% 1.77 Km during the second and 1.57 Km on the final aerobraking run.
% During decent, the entry vehicle observes a huge change in total energy
% (Kinetic + Potential) and this energy is eminated as heat. The heat
% shield protects the entry vehicle from this eminated heat by first
% melting and then evaporating taking the heat away from the entry vehicle.
% This process is known as ablation. The melting process involves a
% quantity known as heat of fusion and the evaporation involves a quantity
% known as heat of vaporization. The combined effects of these heats of
% phase change is known as heat of ablation. On dividing the change in
% total energy observed by the re-entry vehile by the heat of ablation (
% which is purely a material property ) we obtain the mass of the heat
% shield. Please note that the effective heat of ablation was obtained by
% selecting a heat shiled material (SLA-561V) and then obtaining its
% properties from an online data base provided by NASA linked below
% www.tpsx.arc.nasa.gov
HOA = 5.41e7; % Effective heat of ablation for SLA-561V in J/Kg
% Dimensions of heat shield

%--------------------------
% On calculating the mass the next step would be to calculate the

% dimensions of the heat shield. Knowing the dimensions of the orbiter, we
% use catia to modle a typical blunt heat shield structure and then with
% the mass calculated above we find out the dimensions namely thickness
% that is required.
AAE 450 Spring 2010

%*******************
% WITHOUT BALLUTE *
%*******************
%####################
% Aerocapture - Run1#
%####################
% Input Section
%--------------
v1 = 5.3262; % Entry Velocity in Km/s

V1 = v1 * 1000; % Conversion to m/s
h1 = 1175; % Entry Altitude in Km
H1 = h1*1000; % Conversion to m
M = 4569; % Entry mass without heat shield
g1 = 0.63828; % Acceleration due to gravity on titan at entry (1175 Km)

g2 = 1.1246; % Acceleration due to gravity on titan at 250 Km
v2 = 2.425309; % Velocity at exit in Km/s

h2 = 250; % Altitude at point of min altitude in Km
AAE 450 Spring 2010

% Calculation's section
%----------------------
Ke1 = 0.5*M*(V1^2); % Kinetic energy at entry in Joules

Pe1 = M * g1 * H1; % Potential energy at entry in Joules
Ke2 = 0.5*M*(V2^2); % Kinetic energy at exit in Joules
Pe2 = M * g2 * H2; % Potential energy at min alt in Joules
% Difference in energy is calculated as final minus initial, this
% would result in a negative sign symbolizing that energy is lost by the
% system, hence knowing prior that the energy is lost we calculate it as
% initial minu final. We ignore potential energy since kinetic energy plays
% a more dominant role.
Energy_Difference_1 = (Ke1) - (Ke2); % Difference in energy
AAE 450 Spring 2010

%####################
% Aerobraking - Run2#
%####################
% Input Section
%--------------

v4 = 1.77; % Velocity at point of min altitude in Km/s

%----------------------

Ke4 = 0.5*M*(V4^2); % Kinetic energy at min alt in Joules
AAE 450 Spring 2010

%####################
% Aerobraking - Run3#
%####################
% Input Section
%--------------

v6 = 1.57; % Velocity at point of min altitude in Km/s

%----------------------

Ke6 = 0.5*M*(V6^2); % Kinetic energy at min alt in Joules
AAE 450 Spring 2010

%###################
% Final Computation#
%###################
Net_Energy_Difference=Energy_Difference_1+Energy_Difference_2+Energy_Difference_3;
%--------------------------------------
% Calculation of Heat Energy
%--------------------------------------
% Before we ablate, we need to raise the temperature of the material to a

% certain value assumed to be 3600 degrees celcius to allow for ablation.
% This value is based on the temperature at which porous graphite which is
% similar to SLA-561V requires to be at in order to start ablating.
% To calculate this we use the formula Q=mc delta(t) where m is the mass of
% the ablative material, c is the specific heat of SLA-561V and delta t is
% the temperature difference between entry temperature to temperature
% required for ablation. This is important because some of the kinetic
% energy difference observed during the three atmospheric entries will be
% used to raise the temperature of the ablator and hence will reduce the
% net energy that we need to diffuse.
AAE 450 Spring 2010

% Code to compute entry temperature as a funciton of velocity and density
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mass_energy=Net_Energy_Difference/HOA; % Mass of ablator required without structural components
% The following are the entry temperatures that are observed during
% aerocapture(Run#1), Aerobraking(run#2) and Aerobraking(run#3). These
% Values were obtained from Paul Deignan from the trajectory group
Temperature1=11.77; % Entry temperature at run 1 in degrees celcius

DeltaT1= 3600-Temperature1;
Specific_Heat = 1.16e3; % Specific Heat of SLA-561V in J/kg.K
% Heat energy Calculations

%-------------------------
q1 = Mass_energy*Specific_Heat*DeltaT1;
Net_q = q1+q2+q3; % Net Amount of energy that is required to raise the temperature to the ablation temperature
Final_Energy_Difference= Net_Energy_Difference-Net_q;
Final_Mass=Final_Energy_Difference/HOA;
AAE 450 Spring 2010

structural_Mass_Heat_Shield=662.085; % Value obtained from ryan Gerecht from structures group
% Includes Graphite polymead faceplate
% Aluminium honeycomb structure, separation ring, separation attachement
% and pallet ring
Mass=Final_Mass+structural_Mass_Heat_Shield;
fprintf('The Mass of the heat shield required = %f Kg\n \n',Final_Mass)

fprintf('The Mass of the heat shield with structural required = %f Kg\n \n',Mass)
fprintf('The Mass of the heat shield with structural components with 20 perecnt safety required = %f Kg\n \n',Mass*1.2)
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Code To Compute TPS mass for
Ballute
clear all
close all
clc
% Kevin Fernandes
% AAE 450
% TPS Sizing for the ballute configuration
% This code determines the thermal protection system (TPS) sizing of the
% multilayer insullation blankets required with the use of a dual use
% ballute. Analysis done using a ballute resulted in fairly low heat flux,
% as a result it was determined that a heat shield would not be required
% and in order to save on net mass, we decided to use a TPS blanket.
% The blankets are comprised of:

% 1st Section: 1 ML layer Kapton, Aluminzied on both sides
% 2nd Section: 7 layers of 0.3 ML Embossed at 0 degrees,
% Aluminzied on both sides
% 3rd Section: 7 layers of 0.3 ML Embossed at 25 degrees,
% Aluminzied on both sides
% 4th Section: 1 ML Kapton Aluminized on internal side only
AAE 450 Spring 2010

% A 500 mm x 300 mm section has a mass of 45.05 grams
% which = 0.15 m^2
SA_mli = 0.15; % surface area of the multi layer insulation in m^2

m_mli = 0.04505; %mass of MLI Material in Kg
%Spacecraft Dimensions
orb_r = 2.25; %orbiter radius in m

orb_l = 2.3; %orbiter length in m
% Note airship includes both the airship and lake lander vehicles
% Airship assumed to be 4x4 cube
a_l = 4; %length of airship in m

a_w = 4; %airship width in m
SA_O = 2*(pi*orb_r^2) + 2*pi*orb_r*orb_l;

% Surface Area of Orbiter modeled as a cylindrical shell
SA_A = a_l*a_w*6; %SA of airship, 4x4 area times 6 sides;
SA_T = SA_O + SA_A; %total surface area
panels = SA_T/SA_mli;
mass = panels * m_mli;
fprintf('Total Mass of TPS Material = %6.4f Kg \n', mass)
fprintf('Total Mass of TPS Material with 20 percent safety = %6.4f Kg \n', mass*1.2)
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Basic Equations Used
AAE 450 Spring 2010

References
Special Thanks to Dr. Yendler For his advice and support
Medlock, K. L., Longuski, J. M. Thermal Protection Tradeoffs for Ballute versus Aeroshell Entry and Descent at
Mars,AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialists Conference and Exhibit, Honolulu, HI, 18-21 August 2008.
Medlock, K. L., Longuski, J. M., Ayoubi, M. Analytic Solutions for Aerocapture, Descent, and Landing Trajectories
for Dual-Use Ballute Systems,AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialists Conference and Exhibit, Keystone, Colorodo,
21-24 August 2006.
Laub, B., Thermal Protection Concepts and Issues for Aerocapture at Titan," 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint
Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Huntsville, AL, 20-23 July 2003.
National Aeronautics Space Administration., Material Properties Database, Web Edition 4,

[http://tpsx.arc.nasa.gov/]
National Aeronautics Space Administration, SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS),

[http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?
bibcode=1997ESASP.400..949B&db_key=AST&page_ind=1&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_
GIF&classic=YES]
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Brandon Kan
Feb. 23, 2010
Aerodynamics, Hydrodynamics, and
Heat Shielding
Lake Lander Drag Characteristics
Atmospheric and Lake Properties
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Pontoon Drag
Viscous Drag
Boundary layer viscous effects analysis in XFOIL
Assumed fully submerged situation
CD,visc = 0.243 (Cross-Sectional Area Drag
Coefficient)
Wave Resistance
Very Complex and purely resultant of surface
situation
Significant due to our Froude number (Fn)
CD,wave = 0.238 (Cross-Sectional Area Drag
Coefficient)
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Brandon Kan
Aerodynamics, Hydrodynamics, and Heat Shielding
Wave Resistance
CD,Total = 0.481
Large drag coefficient due to desired speed and hull length
0.73 m/s produces least Wave Resistance (can increase OR decrease
speed for better drag)
Longer hull length means we can go faster (packaging problems)
Drag coefficient only really valid for 1.2 m/s and changes drastically
depending on velocity and geometry at our current configuration
Future Work
Thermal Management
Entry and Descent Aerodynamics
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Brandon Kan
Backup Slide - Viscous Drag
Producing Pontoon Coordinates
normalized by pontoon length
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Brandon Kan
Backup Slide XFOIL Inputs
Viscous Effects Property of Reynolds Number and
Mach Number
VD V
Re Ma
a
Analysis conducted for properties as follows
kg m
450 a 1394
m3 s
m
V 1.2
s
D 0.75m
kg
.0004626
ms *Speed of Sound and Viscosity provided by Steve Murphy
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Brandon Kan
Backup Slide XFOIL
Results
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Brandon Kan
Backup Slide XFOIL
Results
Assumptions
Entire hull submerged worst case viscous drag
3D effects ignored (2D analysis)
XFOIL Result
Cd = .04555 , Drag Coefficient per unit span of airfoil
Normalized by multiplying by span analogue (perimeter)
and dividing by cross-sectional area
Cd , span Perimeter
Cd ,cs
Across sec tion
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Brandon Kan
Backup Slide Wave
Resistance
Wave Resistance Concept [1]
As the produced wave grows beyond the hull length, hull gets sucked into
the trough of the trailing wave
At low velocities such that the wave is shorter than the hull length, wave
cancellations reduce the effects of wave resistance
Work required to produce waves given by energy of the waves
Work g Local Gravity

1 D
D gA2 Unit Length
A Maximum Wave Amplitude
4 fluid density
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Brandon Kan
Backup Slide Wave
Derivation
Superimpose wave of arbitrary frequency k at Bow and Stern,
where x-coordinate system runs down length of hull
b a cos kx s a cos k x l l hull length

Superposition of waves produces the wave aft of the hull
T b s
Maximum amplitude of these waves determines the wave
resistance drag
1
A b s MAX
2a sin kl
2
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Brandon Kan
Backup Slide Derivation
Contd
Deep-Water Theory
Depth of liquid h > 0.5 wave length (wave length equal to hull length)
Phase velocity of the wave given by
g V p Wave Velocity
Vp k wave frequency
k g Local Gravity
Can derive a waves frequency as function of gravity and velocity

g
k
V p2
For our hull, we can assume that the waves move as fast as our ship
since we produce them, let ship velocity be U
U Vp
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Brandon Kan
Backup Slide Derivation
Contd
Substitution of Relations into wave resistance drag equation
1 1 g
D gA2 A 2a sin kl k 2 U V
4 2 Vp
1 gl
D ga sin
2 2
2
2 U
U
Define Froude Number , Fn
gl

1
D ga sin
2 2
2
2 Fn
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide Wave
Resistance
Dont know wave amplitude, a (wave elevation)
Can Normalize Drag per length by ga 2 to get an idea of how
wave resistance scales with speed
Wave Resistance function of hull length
Trying to go faster than hull
length in (m/s) creates massive
wave resistance
On Earth, typically massive
wave resistance going faster
than hull length, but Titan has
smaller gravity
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide Wave
Elevation
Can use potential flow source/sink to derive a solution to
wave elevation
Solution used derived for a wedged shape hull with a flat
bottom and draft D [2]
similar to pontoon except that it has sharp leading and trailing edges (no
effect on waves) and a constant hull surface (pontoon has a semi-
circular hull of changing width with depth)
Solution given for wave elevation is normalized by hull length
and mid-ship cross-sectional area; function of Froude
Number, and x is distance from mid-ship

A0 L 1 2 1 1 x 1 1 x
cos 2
0.5 cos 2
0.5

S Fn x
0.5 Fn L 4 x
0.5 Fn L 4

L L
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide Wave
Resistance
Can Plot solution since we know our Froude number given
geometry and desired speed
m
Fn 0.653 U 1.2
s
L 2.5m
m
g 1.35
s2
A0,max 0.163m
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide Results
Plug it all into the drag per unit length equation
2 1
D ga sin
2
2 Dwave 49.5 N
2 Fn
Define cross-sectional area drag coefficient for speed & geometry
1
D V 2Cd ACS
2
Reduce drag
Increase Speed - Decrease Speed
Wave drag decreases for a while Can go up to Hull Length in (m/s) before
Viscous Drag increases significant wave drag
May not meet mission requirements
Increase Hull Length
Can go faster before wave drag dominates
Packaging requirements
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slide Wave
Elevation & Drag
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Brandon Kan
Backup Slide References
[1] 13.021 Marine Hydrodynamics, Fall 2003, MIT Department of
Ocean Engineering, 2003, http://web.mit.edu/fluids modules/
www/potential_flows/LecturesHTML [retrieved 19 Feb 2010].
[2] - Faltinsen, O., Wave Resistance and Wash, Hydrodynamics of
High-Speed Marine Vehicles, Cambridge, NY, 2005, pp109-
112.
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Martin Czerep
02.23.10
Communications
Orbiter Lake Lander
Previous Current
Variable Bit Rate Refined Variable Bit Rate Model
Cryogenic Cable Total Data Throughput per Pass
Cryogenic Cable Specifications
Redundancy
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Communications Martin Czerep 1
Lake Lander Orbiter
Communications
pointing Variable Bit pointing
Case 1
Rates Case 2
Orbiter
Parabolic Parabolic
Antenna
Diameter pointing
.4 .16
(m)
to Lake Pointing to center of
Lander Requirement Titan
Pointing
within 5 within 2
Accuracy
1 Power (W) 1
fixed Omni- Lake Lander

Parabolic
directional Antenna
Diameter
-- .3
(m)
Pointing
Throughpu 1.057 Gb Fixed to Orbiter Throughpu 1.056 Gb
Requirement
t t
Pointing
per pass -- within 2 per pass
Accuracy
Total 50 Power (W) 50 Total
Throughpu 1.676 Tb Throughpu 1.675 Tb
t Bit Error Rate: 1e-5 t
(6 months) (6 months)
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Communication Lake Lander to
Redundancy and Submersible Probe
Mass Communication
Lake Lander Lake Depth:
Dual Transceivers: 4.52 kg Type300m
SC Cryogenic Cable
Helical Antenna: ~1 kg
Conductor Stranded
Omni-directional Antenna: ~1 kg Copper
Signal Encoder/Decoder (for Cable): 1.5 kg
------------------------------------------------------------- Shield Braided gold-
plated
Lake Lander Comm. Mass: 6.52 kg copper5
Submersible Probe Jacket Teflon

Mass of Cable: 1.392 kg Dimension 1.0 mm
Signal Encoder/Decoder (for Cable): 1.5 kg Diameter
-------------------------------------------------------------- Mass 2.32 g/m
Submersible Probe Comm. Mass 2.892
Mass for 1.392 kg
kg 600 m
Source: Lake Shore
Total Communication System Mass: 9.412
Future Work
kg
Cryotronics, Inc.
Determine feasibility of Lake Lander communicating directly

with Earth
Specify components for cable communication
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Backup Slides Variable Bit Rate
Case 1
Orbiter: Parabolic Antenna
Power: 50.000 W Pointing to Lake Lander
Increment: 10.000 deg Lake Lander: Fixed Omni-Directional Antenna
Increment time: 165.767 sec
Elevation Distance to Bit Rate Margin Incremental

Lake Lander
Angle Orbiter (kbps) Throughput
Transmit Antenna Diameter = NA (Gb)
Transmit Antenna Beam Width = NA 0 3569.4 248 3.1023 0.04111
Transmit Antenna Pointing Error = NA
Transmit Antenna Gain (net) = 3.000 10 3150 318 3.1119 0.052714
dBi 20 2795.6 405 3.1015 0.067136
Orbiter 30 2506.8 504 3.1008 0.083547

Receive Antenna Diameter = 0.400 m 40 2279.1 610 3.1005 0.10112
Receive Antenna Beamwidth = 25.735
deg 50 2105.4 715 3.1004 0.11852
Receive Antenna Pointing Error = 60 1978.5 809 3.1046 0.13411
5.000 deg
Receive Antenna Gain = 15.972 dBi 70 1892.3 885 3.1019 0.1467
_________________________________________ 80 1842.4 934 3.1004 0.15483
Total Throughput Per Pass: 1.057 Gb 90 1826 950 3.1041 0.15748
Passes in Six Months 792.675
Total Throughput for 6 months: 1.676 AAE 450 Spring 2010

Tb
Case 1 Orbiter: Parabolic Antenna
Pointing to Lake Lander
Lake Lander: Fixed Omni-Directional Antenna
Elevation Angle vs Bit Rate
1000
900
800
700
Bit Rate (kbps)
600
500
400
300
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Elevation Angle (deg)
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Case 2
Orbiter: Antenna Pointing to
Power: 50.000 W Center of Titan
Increment: 10.000 deg Lake Lander: Antenna Pointing to Orbiter
Increment time: 165.767 sec
Elevation Distance to Bit Rate Margin Incremental

Lake Lander
Angle Orbiter (kbps) Throughput
Transmit Antenna Diameter = 0.300 m (Gb)
Transmit Antenna Beam Width = 0 3569.4 15 3.1949 0.0024865
34.313 deg
Transmit Antenna Pointing Error = 10 3150 22 3.2194 0.0036469
2.000 deg 20 2795.6 40 3.2006 0.0066307
Transmit Antenna Gain (net) = 13.549
dBi 30 2506.8 84 3.1339 0.013924
40 2279.1 184 3.1094 0.030501
Orbiter
Receive Antenna Diameter = 0.160 m 50 2105.4 391 3.1005 0.064815
Receive Antenna Beamwidth = 64.338 60 1978.5 753 3.1039 0.12482
deg
Receive Antenna Pointing Error = 70 1892.3 1250 3.1023 0.20721
2.000 deg 80 1842.4 1720 3.1004 0.28512
Receive Antenna Gain = 8.466 dBi
_________________________________________ 90 1826 1917 3.1015 0.31778
Total Throughput Per Pass: 1.056 Gb
Passes in Six Months 792.675 AAE 450 Spring 2010

Total Throughput for 6 months: 1.675
Case 2Orbiter: Antenna Pointing to
Center of Titan
Lake Lander: Antenna Pointing to Orbiter
Elevation Angle vs Bit Rate
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
Bit Rate (kbps)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Elevation Angle (deg)
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides Transceiver
Space Qualified Multi-Mode Transceiver
(MMT), S-Band*
7 watts (maximum) required for receive mode
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Key (space applications)
Operating frequency: 2.025 2.120 GHz
Maximum compatible data rates
Receive: 512 kbps
Transmit: 6 Mbps
Mass: 2.26 kg
*Source: GENERAL DYNAMICS ADVANCED
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
http://www.gd-space.com/index.cfm?
AAE 450 Spring 2010
acronym=mmt_sband
Charlie Tytler
02/23/2010
DSN Communications
Communications
Previous:
Seismic Probes
AAE 450 Spring 2010

DSN Scheduling
Bitrate: Increased to 200kbps
Power: Increased to 151 W overall
Compression Factor = 5
Majority of data is images
Normally compressed at 10:1 ratio
Max blackout period (Solar Eclipse) = 5 days
Total Data Return Comparison Compare:

Our Mission 7.0 Tb Return Lake Lander & Airship Data in
TSSM 4.9 Tb1 6 Months
Cassini-Huygens 2.8 Tb2 1 Year
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Charlie Tytler - Communications
DSN Cost
LL&A Return Total Cost Transmit Periods Transmit
Time Schedule
6 months $3.638 mill 0.5 years 6hrs; 7/week

1.5 years 4hrs; 3/week
6 months $2.913 mill 0.5 years 10.5hrs; 4/week
1.5 years 6hrs; 2/week
1 year $3.682 mill 1 year 6hrs; 5/week
1 year 4hrs; 3/week
First Option Chosen Because:
Returns all Lake Lander & Airship data within their mission time
Transmit schedule works with current Power budget restrictions
Future Work
Optimize solution with Power budgeting
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Backup Slides
Black out Period:
Solar Eclipse between Earth and Saturn
Assume:
Earth & Saturn orbiting
on same plane
Blackout of 5 days
possible
= 47.8Gbit = ~6
gigabytes
Illustration by Tep Rungswang of data that would need to
AAE 450 Spring 2010 be stored
Backup Slides
DSN Cost Calculations
Surface Data sent in 6 Months
Frequent Data Return
Low Frequency Data Return
Surface Data sent in 1 Year

Frequent Data Return
Calculated from Comm DSN Cost spreadsheet, located in 450 Google Group
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
Surface Data Returned in 6 months
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
Surface Data Returned in 1 year
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
DSN Dish Visibility

Visible time (cumulative) per day for each DSN facility:
DSN Canberra (Australia) DSN Goldstone (JPL, CA) DSN Madrid (Spain)
Average Visible time: Average Visible time: Average Visible time:

10.662 hrs 7.905 hrs 7.696 hrs
Minimum: 6.960 hrs Minimum: 4.173 hrs Minimum: 4.928 hrs

Maximum 15.834 hrs Maximum 10.553 hrs Maximum 10.294 hrs
1 x 34m Dish 3 x 34m Dish 2 x 34m Dish
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
DSN Canberra Facility Visibility (Hours per Day)
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
DSN Goldstone Facility Visibility (Hours per Day)
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
Sample Data: Orbiter to DSN dish visibility
from STK
Orbiter-To-DSN-Goldstone
-------------------------
Access Start Time (UTCG) Stop Time (UTCG) Duration (sec)
------ ------------------------ ------------------------ --------------
621 30 Mar 2044 04:43:18.069 30 Mar 2044 04:43:28.069 10.000
622 30 Mar 2044 05:54:35.273 30 Mar 2044 10:02:21.493 14866.221
623 30 Mar 2044 11:13:24.585 30 Mar 2044 14:55:29.389 13324.804
624 31 Mar 2044 04:39:22.792 31 Mar 2044 07:17:56.694 9513.902
625 31 Mar 2044 08:28:45.794 31 Mar 2044 12:36:50.875 14885.081
626 31 Mar 2044 13:47:37.743 31 Mar 2044 14:51:33.882 3836.139
627 1 Apr 2044 05:44:19.139 1 Apr 2044 09:52:28.938 14889.799
628 1 Apr 2044 11:03:14.773 1 Apr 2044 14:47:36.061 13461.288
629 2 Apr 2044 04:31:24.814 2 Apr 2044 07:08:08.026 9403.213
630 2 Apr 2044 08:19:04.878 2 Apr 2044 12:27:02.721 14877.843
631 2 Apr 2044 13:38:03.614 2 Apr 2044 14:43:35.911 3932.298
632 3 Apr 2044 05:35:00.126 3 Apr 2044 09:42:40.469 14860.342
633 3 Apr 2044 10:53:58.481 3 Apr 2044 14:39:34.047 13535.566
634 4 AprData
2044created by Jeremy Moon
04:23:15.507 4 Apr(Trajectory)
2044 06:58:16.003 9300.496
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
References
1. Titan Saturn System Mission Final Report on the
NASA
Contribution to a Joint Mission with ESA, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, 2009.
(http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/library/)
2. Europa Jupiter System Mission Joint Summary
Report, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2009.
(http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/library/)
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Cody Williams
23 February 2010
Science Payload Group
Seismic Probes

Positioning

Cody Williams Science Payload
Power Scheduling
Max Watts Per Hour
Hour 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00
Watts 21.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 41.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6
Hour 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
Watts 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6
24 Hour Cycle
Timing of peak draw will vary based on orbiter visibility 94% Standard
Peak power 41.6 W 4% Imaging
2% Communication
Future
Final Landing Sites
Work
Power Solution
Final Configuration
Backup Breakdown of Power Usage
MET MagnetometStereo Pan MicrophonData Storage Data
Seismometer Package er Img e Compression Transmission
0:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 5 0.8 10 21.6
1:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
2:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
3:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
4:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
5:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
6:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
7:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 25 41.6
8:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
9:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
10:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
11:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
12:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
13:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
14:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
15:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
16:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
17:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
18:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
19:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
20:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
21:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
22:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6
23:00 0.1 5.5 0.2 0.8 10 16.6 All Units in Watts
AAE 450 Spring 2010 4-B

Backup Updated Dimensions
Instrument MASS POWER DIMENSIONS
Seismometer 1.1 Kg .1 W (.05 x .05 x .05 m ) x 3
Meteorology Package 1.5 Kg 5.5 W .1 x .1 x .1 m
Magnetometer .25 Kg .2 W .05 x .07 x .03 m +
(.01 x .01 x .03 m) x 9
Stereo Panoramic Imager 4.0 Kg 0 - 5.0 W .4 x .15 x .4 m
Microphone .25 Kg .8 W (.05 x .05 x .05 m) x 4
Data Storage/Compression 1.0 Kg 10 W .27 x .08 x .21 m
Data Transmission 3.0 Kg 0 - 25 W .2 x .15 x .08 m
TOTAL 11.1 Kg 16.6 W N/A
41.6 W

Back-up (References)
Titan Saturn System Mission Study Final Report," Applied Physics
Laboratory, 2009. (http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/library/)
TSSM in Situ Elements," ESA-SRE(2008)4, Feb. 2009.
RAD6000 Single Board Space Computer in CompactPCI Form Factor,"
BAE Systems June 2002.
[http://www.digchip.com/datasheets/parts/datasheet/568/RAD6000-pdf.php.
Accessed 1/24/2010.]
Instruments (Panoramic Camera), Mission to Mars, Cornell University,
New York, 2005. [http://athena.cornell.edu/the_mission/ins_pancam.html.
Accessed 2/20/2010.]

Jeremy Voigt
2/23/2010
Payload Group, Lake Lander Subgroup
Lake Lander Path, Scan Platform
Previous weeks: Payload Optics,

Instrument Configuration
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Lake Lander Path
LH = 757.8987 km
Lv = 1168.9517 km
Perimeter = 3701.7714 km
LL Speed = 4.680 km/h (1.3
m/s)
5.525 hours between com
pass
781.9 passes
2 hours/pass science
3.525 hours/pass propulsion
Total distance traveled in 6
Figure based months
on = 12807 km (10319
Cassini/Huygens km 20% margin for wind
images
effects)
AAE 450 Spring 2010
Jeremy Voigt (Payload)
Scan Platform
30 Degrees rotation in each direction
Power on while cameras/spectrometers active
Future Work
Critical Design Review
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Backup Slides
Details of work
AAE 450 Spring 2010

References
Blue, Jennifer, Gazetteer of Planetary
Nomenclature, Department f the Interior,
US Geological Survey, Arizona, February
2010.
[http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/]
AAE 450 Spring 2010

AAE 450 Spring 2010
Project Managers
2/23/2010
Kathy Brumbaugh Chris Spreen

612-860-2465 610-888-9521
kmbrumba@purdue.edu cspreen@purdue.edu
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Project timeline
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Project timeline
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Design Stages - Description
Stage Description
Mission Design Requirements Identification of all subsystems for each groups tasks.
(MDR) Tasks and steps that need to be accomplished for the subsystems identified
Preliminary Design Review Exploring all the options for each aspect of the design
(PDR) Generating numbers for each option
Communicating these numbers between groups
**At end of PDR => Mission architecture possibilities have been identified.
Critical Design Review Project Managers and Group Leaders will meet to discuss all options and make decision
(CDR) based upon group input and calculations.
Choose one option for each aspect of the design (ex. Lake Lander = sub or boat)
Investigate and generate numbers for options on that design aspect (ex. What type of
propulsion for the Lake Lander?)
Work numbers in great detail
Communicate between groups with detailed analysis and numbers for each option
**At end of CDR => Mission architecture is chosen (ex. Specific engines, propellants,
launch vehicle and numbers, fly-by or no fly-by, lake lander & airship configuration)
Final Design Review Project Managers and Group Leaders meet to incorporate all group discussions into
(FDR) choosing the best overall design including specifics for each category and aspect.
Numbers and analysis are now completed in great detail.
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Project Managers
Reminders
Critical Design Review:
Wed. Feb 24th 5:30pm ARMS B071
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Concerns Moving parts
Problem: during 10 year transit = parts may
freeze (lubricant temp & decomp)
Solutions:
Look to industry solutions (cryogenic pumps, etc)
Airship/LL: use wind as propulsion (no propeller - exposed)
ON TITAN: (LL) Bearing flooded with methane
ON TITAN: use heat dissipated => lose too much heat (soln thermal coatings)
ON TITAN: (airship) lubricant needed
TRANSIT: Heat being dissipated (transfer to moving parts)
TRANSIT: Solid lubricants (for time decomposition)
Thermal coating / insulation
Rotate parts during transit (use power cycling)
Range of motion? Area/volume on craft? (rudders, large antennas largest motion)
Protective coating: diamond-like Carbon Coating (DLC)
No solution = no moving parts
AAE 450 Spring 2010

Concerns
Planetary quarantine (cost model)
Crash into Saturn?
# Nuclear power items (only focus on engineering aspects)
CAD models on Eng. Website (email Martin)
Mission profile picture (STK Jeremy)
Sizing of launch vehicle (current numbers, work background to ensure fit within fairing)
Navigation: orbiter, airship (gyros), lake lander (gyros)
Initializing attitude use sun sensors to find Saturn (thickness of atmosphere?)
3 beacons to triangulate (height of orbiter)
Aerodynamics of vehicles (during entry, orbiter after separation) airship moments
Attaching tethers vs. no tethers
Separation of LL, Airship & orbiter (aeroshell vs ballute)
Landing footprint from orbit (errors in FPA, velocity)
Stabilization of Orbiter during entry
%volume allocated in fairing (to orbiter, to lake lander, to airship, propellant)
AAE 450 Spring 2010

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AAE 450

Kathy Brumbaugh Chris Spreen

AAE 450 Spring 2010

AAE 450 Spring 2010 <2>

3rd stage Small fairing 1 2 28.8

Launch Vehicle Total Cost 777.6

AAE 450 Spring 2010 <3>

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Operations Total Cost 691.2

High temps in vacuum or low temps

Severe Environments Total Cost 201.6

AAE 450 Spring 2010 <5>

Technology Total Cost 748.8

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Total mission failure (assuming everything goes wrong) =

AAE 450 Spring 2010

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The lake lander

AAE 450 Spring 2010

AAE 450 Spring 2010

Probes - probability of everything failure 0.525

Launch Vehicle - probability of everything failure 0.05

AAE 450 Spring 2010

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5.32443 0.00064 1.0405 101.023

Sigma range is 0.7374 to 0.7869 , with a st. dev. of 0.072

AAE 450 Spring 2010 4

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% Acceleration during aerocapture

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% Heating during aerocapture

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rho0=5.44; %Reference density [kg/m^3]

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rho0=5.44; %Reference density [kg/m^3]

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cos(incline)^2 + phi1DOT2rScos(incline)sin(gamma) + 2phi1DOTrSDOTcos(incline)sin(gamma) - 2phi1DOTphi2DOTrScos(gamma)cos(incline) + phi1DOT^2rS*sin(gamma +

phi2)cos(incline)^2sin(phi2), phi2DOT2rScos(gamma) - rSDOT2sin(gamma) + 2phi2DOTrSDOTcos(gamma) + phi2DOT^2rSsin(gamma) - phi1DOT^2rScos(gamma + phi2)*sin(phi2)

+ phi1DOT^2rScos(incline)^2sin(gamma) + phi1DOT2rScos(gamma)cos(incline) + 2phi1DOTrSDOTcos(gamma)cos(incline) + phi1DOT^2rScos(gamma + phi2)*cos(incline)

^2sin(phi2) + 2phi1DOTphi2DOTrScos(incline)sin(gamma), -sin(incline)(phi1DOT2rSsin(phi2) + 2phi1DOTrSDOTsin(phi2) + phi1DOT^2rScos(incline)*cos(phi2) +