Todays agenda:

The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged
particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to a point charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a point
charge.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged
particle in a uniform electric field.

The electric field due to a collection of point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a
collection of point charges.

The electric field due to a continuous line of charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a
continuous line of charge.
 Electric Charge

Static Electricity

There are two kinds of charge. + -

Properties of charges
likecharges repel
unlike charges attract

charges can move but charge is conserved

 Although there are two kinds of charged particles in an
atom, electrons are the charges that usually move
around.
+ -

A proton is roughly 2000 times more massive than an

electron.

Charges are quantized (come in units of e= 1.6x10-19 C).

The charge of an electron is e = 1.6x10-19 coulombs.

The charge of a proton is +e = +1.6x10-19 coulombs.

Franklins experiments showed him that there were
two kinds of charge, which he named positive and
negative. More than a century later we learned that
negative charges are associated with electrons, and
positive charges with protons
 Sisir melalui rambut
Elektron-elektron digerakkan secara mekanik dari
rambut
dan diam pada sisir dan selanjutnya anda akan
mendapatkan
bahwa sisir menarik potonngan kertas-kertas kecil
Bila suatu material mempunyai sifat dengan cara ini ,
maka
material dikatakan menjadi dimuati secara listrik
( electrically charged / electrified )
Seorang ibu dan anaknya sedang menikmati pengaruh pengisian muata
Listrik ke dalam tubuh mereka. Setiap helai rambut di kepala mereka b
muatan listrik dan menghasilkan gaya tolak menolak dengan helai ram
Lainnya. Akibatnya rambut mereka berdiri , seperti yang anda lihat.
a serangkaian percobaan sederhana , ditemukan bahwa ada dua jenis muatan
g diberi nama muatan positif dan negatif oleh Benyamin Franklin ( 1706-1790
kktron-elektron diidentifikasi bermuatan negatif , sedangkan proton-proton
muatan positif. Verifikasi adanya dua jenis muatan itu , seperti pada Gambar

mbar (a) Batang karet bermuatan negatif digantung bebas ditarik oleh batang
kaca bermuatan positif. (b) batang karet bermuatan negatif ditolak
oleh batang karet lainnya bermuatan negatif

Berdasarkan kesepakatan yang diusulkan oleh Franklin Karet

digosok kain sutra , disebut bermuatan negatif , sedangkan
Kaca dogosok kain sutra,
Hasil eksperimen : Muatan listrik selalu kekal dalam sistem terisolasi
Proses pengaliran listrik ( elektrifikasi ) adalah perpindan muatan dar
benda yang satu ke benda lainnya.
Salahsatu benda mendapat sejumlah muatan negatif , sementara be
lainnya mendapat sejumlah muatan positif dengan jumlah yang sam
Contoh : Kaca digosok denga kain sutra : Kain sutra mendapat muat
negatif dengan jumlah yang sama dengan muatan positif pada kaca.

Law of conservation of charge: the net amount of electric charge produced in any
process is zero. (Not on your starting equation sheet, but a fact that you can use any
time.)
Aplikasi Hukum Coulomb

1. Lensa kontak, etafilkon mempunayai sifat tarik menarik

dengan
air mata, maka akibatnya lensa tidak dianggap benda
asing oleh mata.
2. Bahan kosmetik : cat rambut

Touch pads, capacitance keyboards,

cathode-ray tubes, liquid crystal displays, and electrostatic
printers.
In medical work, diagnosis is often carried out with the aid of
electrostatics, as incorporated
in electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, and other
recordings of organs with
electrical activity including eyes, ears, and stomachs. In industry,
electrostatics is applied
in a variety of forms such as paint spraying, electrodeposition,
electrochemical machining,
and separation of fine particles. Electrostatics is used in
agriculture to sort seeds, direct
sprays to plants, measure the moisture content of crops, spin
cotton, and speed baking of
 Proses induksi

a) Bola logam netral , banyaknya muatan positif sama dengan muatan negat
b) Elektron-elektron pada bola netral di redistribusi ( terdistribusi ulang
bila batang karet bermuatan negatif ditempatkan dekat dengan bol
c ) Bila bola ditanahkan (grounded ) , beberapa elektronnya meninggalkan
bola lewat kawat tanah. ( ground wire )
d) Bila sambungan kawat tanah dilepas, bola akan mempunyai kelebihan
muatan positif yang terdistrubusi tidak merata
e) Bila batang karet diambil, sisa elektron-elektron yang ada di redistribusi
secara tidak merata dan ada distribusi merata netto muatan positif pada
bola
Hukum Coulomb Dan Intensitas Medan
Hukum Coulomb adalah hukum eksperimental,
diformulasi pada tahun 1785 oleh French
colonel, Charles Augustin de Coulomb. Ia
menunjukkan adanya gaya antara muatan titik
yang satu dengan muatan lainnya
Kontribusi Coulomb : (1736-1806)
1. Elektrostatika dan magnetstatika
2. Kekuatan berbagai bahan serta menentukan gaya gaya
yang
mempengaruhi benda dalam sinar
3. Dalam bidang ergonomi, membeikan dasar-dasar
pemahaman
bagaiman manusia dan hewan melakukan usaha yang
optimal.
Hukum Coulomb Dan Intensitas Medan
Hukum Coulomb menyatakan bahwa
gaya F antara dua muatan titik Q1 dan
Q2 adalah :
Sepanjang garis penghubung muatannya
Berbanding lurus terhadap hasil kali
muatan Q1 dan Q2
Berbanding terbalik terhadap jarak antara
muatan pangkat
dua ( ketidak pastian bbrp persen saja.
Percobaan modern
ketidak pastian hampir satu per 10
pangkat 16 )
Secara matematik dinyatakan
,
Gravitational Fields

r m1m 2
F =G 2 , attractive
G r12
r
rr FG Units of g are
g(r) =
m actually N/kg!

rr
g(r) is the local gravitational field. On earth, it is about
9.8 N/kg, directed towards the center of the earth.
parison of Strength of Electromagnetic vs. Gravitatio
Force
1 q1q2 mp=1.67x10-27 Kg
FEM
4 0 r 2 e =1.6x10-19 C
o=8.85x10-12 C2/(Nm2)
m1m2
FG G 2 G=6.67x10-11 (Nm2)/Kg2
r
1
2 (1.6 10 19 C ) 2
1 e 1 2 C 2
e 4 (8.85 10 12
)
FEM 4 o r 2
4 o Nm 2
2
2
2

FG mp Gm p 11 Nm 27
G 2 ( 6.67 10 )( 1 . 67 10 Kg ) 2

r Kg 2
FEM
1.2 1036 Electromagnetism is much stronger!
FG
PR
 Coulombs Law:
The Big Picture

Coulomb's Law quantifies the interaction

between charged particles.
r12
1 q1q 2
F = , + -
12 4 0 r12
2

Q1 Q2

Coulombs Law was discovered through

decades of experiment.
Solving Problems Involving Coulombs
Law and Vectors
You may wish to review vectors (on your own).
Example: Calculate the net electrostatic force on
charge Q3 due to the charges Q1 and Q2.

Q3=+65C
30 cm

60
c m

=30
x
Q2=+50C Q1=-86C
52 cm
Step 1: Diagram
y
F32

Q3=+65C

F31

30 cm
60
cm

=30
x
Q2=+50C Q1=-86C
52 cm
Step 2: Starting Equation
y
F32

Q3=+65C

F31

30 cm
60
cm

=30
x
Q2=+50C Q1=-86C
52 cm
q1q 2
F k 2
12 r12
Step 3: Replace Generic Quantities by
Specifics y
F 32

r Q3 Q 2 Q3=+65C
F k 2 ,
32 r32 F31

r32=30 cm
r3
=6
repulsive 1
0c
m
=30
Q3Q 2 x
F k Q2=+50C Q1=-86C
32, y r2
32
52 cm

F 0 (from diagram)
32, x

Can you put numbers in at this point? OK for this problem. You would get F32,y = 330 N
and F32,x = 0 N.
Step 3 (continued)
r y
Q3Q1 F32
F k 2 ,
31 r31 Q3=+65C
attractive F31

r32=30 cm
r3
1 =6
0c
Q3Q1 m
F k 2 cos =30
31, x r31 x
Q1=-86C
(+ sign comes from diagram) Q2=+50C
52 cm

Q3Q1
F k 2 sin (- sign comes from diagram)
31, y r31
Can you put numbers in at this point? OK for this problem. You would get F31,x =
+120 N and F31,y = -70 N.
Step 3: Complete the Math
y
F32
F3
Q3=+65C
The net force is the vector
sum of all the forces on Q3. F31

30 cm
60
cm

=30
x
Q2=+50C Q1=-86C
52 cm
F3x = F31,x + F32,x = 120 N + 0 N = 120 N

F3y = F31,y + F32,y = -70 N + 330 N = 260 N

You know how to calculate the magnitude F3 and the angle between F3 and the x-axis.
(If not, holler!)
I did a sample Coulombs law calculation
using three point charges.

How do you apply Coulombs law

to objects that contain distributions
of charges?

Well use another tool to do that

 Maxwells Equations
Qenc
SE da o E
o
Gausss Law

S
B da 0 B 0

d B
E d l
dt
E
t
Faradays Law

E
B d l o I enc B o J o o
Amperes Law
t
 ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS
Medan Elektrostatis ditimbulkan oleh distribusi
muatan statis.
Aplikasinya sangat luas :
Electric power transmission, X-ray machines,
and lightning protection berhubungan
erat dengan medan listrik dan memerlukan
pemahaman elektrostatika untuk
merencanakan peralatan yg cocok.
Piranti piranti yang digunakan pada in solid-
stat electronics beroperasi berbasis pada
elektrostatika. Misalnya Resistor, kapasitor
dan piranti aktif field effect transistor . Dlm
piranti
Touch akktif gerakan
pads, capacitance elektron dikontrol oleh
keyboards,
medantubes,
cathode-ray elektrostatis . displays, and electrostatic printers.
liquid crystal
In medical work, diagnosis is often carried out with the aid of
electrostatics,
Piranti-pirantias incorporated
yg bekerja berbasis elektrostatis
in electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, and other
adalah
recordings: of organs with
electrical activity including eyes, ears, and stomachs. In industry,
electrostatics is applied
in a variety of forms such as paint spraying, electrodeposition,
Electrostatics:

Fundamental postulates of electrostatics and

Coulomb's Law
Electric field due to a system of discrete charges
Electric field due to a continuous distribution of charge
Gauss' Law and applications
Electric Potential
Conductors in static electric field
Dielectrics in static electric fields
Electric Flux Density, dielectric constant
Boundary Conditions
Capacitor and Capacitance
Nature of Current and Current Density

48
Electrostatics:

Resistance of a Conductor
Joules Law
Boundary Conditions for the current density
The Electromotive Force
The Biot-Savart Law

49
 Magnetostatics:

Amperes Force Law

Magnetic Torque
Magnetic Flux and Gausss Law for Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Vector Potential
Magnetic Field Intensity and Amperes Circuital Law
Magnetic Material
Boundary Conditions for Magnetic Fields
Energy in a Magnetic Field
Magnetic Circuits
Inductance

50
Dynamic Fields:
Faraday's Law and induced emf
Transformers
Displacement Current
Time-dependent Maxwell's equations and
electromagnetic wave equations
Time-harmonic wave problems, uniform plane waves in
lossless media, Poynting's vector and theorem
Uniform plane waves in lossy media
Uniform plane wave transmission and reflection on
normal and oblique incidence

51
Examples of Electromagnetic
fields
Electromagnetic fields
Solar radiation
Lightning
Radio communication
Microwave oven

Light consists of electric and magnetic fields. An

electromagnetic wave can propagate in a
vacuum with a speed velocity c=2.998x108 m/s

c = f
f = frequency (Hz)
= wavelength (m)
52
 COULOMB'S LAW AND FIELD INTENSITY

Coulomb's law is an experimental law formulated in 1785 by

the French colonel, Charles Augustin de Coulomb. It deals with
the force a point charge exerts on another point charge.

Expressed mathematically,
 ti o n
o te c
t p r
Ligh
Foto dramatik ini menangkap gambar saat
Sambaran petir menyambar pohon di dekat daerah
Pedesaan. Petir biasanya dikaitkan dengan medan
Listrik yang sangat kuat di atmosfir.
 Beda Potensial
Pelepasan muatan/ Sambaran
petir
Induksi mutan positif di permukaan tanah
 per tahun, di Cibinong

Arus petir 30-80 kA, pernah terdeteksi sampai 300 kA, dengan energi
satu kali sambaran 55 kWh = 55 x1000x 3600 Ws = 198 MJ
 Batas arus yang melewati tubuh manusia

Batas arus Pengaruh pada tubuh manusia

0 - 0,9 mA Belum merasakan pengaruh
0,9 - 1,2 mA Baru terasa adanya arus listrik tapi tidak
menimbulkan kejang
1,2 - 1,6 mA Mulai terasa se akan2 ada yang merayap didalam tangan
1,6 - 6,0 mA Tangan sampai kesiku merasa kesemutan
6,0 - 8,0 mA Tangan mulai kaku, rasa kesemutan makin bertambah
13 - 15,0 mA Rasa sakit tak tertahankan penghantar masih
dapat dilepas
15 - 20,0 mA Otot tidak sanggup lagi melepaskan penghantar
20 - 50,0 mA Dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan pada tubuh manusia
50 - 100,0 mA Batas arus yang dapat menyebabkan kematian
Besar dan Lama tegangan Sentuh Maksimum
(IEC)
Tegangan sentuh Waktu Pemutusan Maksimum
(Volt) rms (detik)
< 50
50 1,0
75 0,5
90 0,2
110 0,2
150 0,1
220 0,05
280 0,03
 COULOMB'S LAW AND FIELD INTENSITY

Coulomb's law is an experimental law formulated in 1785 by

the French colonel, Charles Augustin de Coulomb. It deals with
the force a point charge exerts on another point charge.

Expressed mathematically,
The electric field intensity (or electric
field strength) E is the force per unit
charge when placed in the electric field.
The electric field intensity at point r due to a point charge
located at r' is
Contoh Soal 4.2
Dua muatan titik mempunyai massa sama m, muatan Q
digantung pada titik bersama dengan panjang tali dan
massanya diabaikan. Tunjukkan bahwa pada saat terjadi
keseimbangan sudut inklinasi masing-masing tali
terhadap vertikal dinyatakan oleh

Jika sangat kecil , tunjukkan bahwa

Penyelesaian
Tinjau sistem muatan seperti ditunjukkan dalam
Gambar 4.3 dengan Fe adalah gaya Coulomb atau gaya
listrik, T adalah tensi pada masing-masing tali, dan mg
adalah berat masing-masing muatan . Pada A atau B
Bila sangat kecil
ELECTRIC FIELDS DUE TO CONTINUOUS
CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS
COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMATION

An orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates are

mutually perpendicular.

CARTESIAN COORDINATES (X, Y, Z)

The ranges of the coordinate variables x, y, and z are

P(x,y,z)
DIFFERENTIAL LENGTH, AREA, AND VOLUME
CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES (, , z)

The ranges of the variables are

A vector A in cylindrical
coordinates can be written as
ELECTRIC FIELDS DUE TO CONTINUOUS
CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS
In a parallel plate capacitor, the electric field existing between the
two plates having equal and opposite charges is given by
Applying the cosine rule to Figure
4.8,
 Tititk P (x,y,z )

Vektor A dalam koordinat Kartesian