Intermolecular Forces

+
H
O
Van der Waals Forces (Johannes van
der Waals)
Dipole-Dipole Attractions (Polar)
Dispersion Forces (Nonpolar and Polar, induced dipole)
- Dipole-induced (London Dispersion)
- Ion-induced
Dipole-Dipole Attraction
dipole
dipole
Attractive forces that exist
between molecules that have +
+
permanent dipoles. H Cl
H Cl
These exist in any polar
substance.
Attractive force
Weaker than Ion-Dipole force
Increased polarity, stronger
dipole-dipole attraction
Example

The dipoledipole interactions in (a) crystalline CH3CN and (b) liquid CH3CN.
 For molecules of
approximately equal
mass and size, the
strength of
intermolecular attractions
increases with increasing
polarity.

Molecular weights, dipole moments, and boiling points of several simple organic
substances.
Determine which of the Polar Nonpol
ar
following would exhibit
Dipole-Dipole forces: .. .. ..
H2S, CO2, C2H4 H-S-H O=C=O
.. .. ..
H2S is Polar. Dipole-Dipole.

CO2 is Nonpolar. Nonpolar

C2H4 is Nonpolar. H-C=C- C - H bonds are
nonpolar, and C
H = C bond is
nonpolar.
| |
H H
 Dispersion Force:London
Dispersion/London Force (Fritz
London)
A temporary dipole is induced in
a non polar molecule due to
electron movements. Electrons
Electrons
moving repelled
These INDUCE similar but
opposite forces in neighboring
molecules which cause weak
momentary attractions.

Temporary Induced dipole

These are the WEAKEST
attractive forces that exist dipole
Weak short lived
between molecules. attraction
Dispersion forces. Snapshots of the
charge distribution for a pair of helium atoms
at three instants.
 How would the
strength of London number of electrons in an atom or molecule,
Polarizability
forces be affected
by the size of the atomic or molecular size, molecular weight,
molecule?? Polarizability
Polarizability, Strength of dispersion forces
Example:

Boiling points of
the List the substances
halogens and CCl4, CBr4, and CH4
noble gases.
This plot shows in order of increasing
how the boiling boiling point.
points increase as
the
molecular weight CH4 < CCl4 < CBr4
increases due to
stronger
dispersion forces.
 Molecular shape also influences the magnitudes of
dispersion forces.
Example: C5H12