(CONTROLS OF PROPERTIES)

IMPURITIES IN STEEL AND THIER EFFECTS

IMPURITIES
in some cases amount of this impurities ranges from 14-60 percent which is
relatively large and cease to be alloying elements.

PLAIN CARBON STEEL

ELEMENTS PERCENTAGE OF IMPURITY

SULFUR .02-.05
PHOSPHORUS .02-.05
SILICON .05-.2
MANGANESE .3-1.5
 EFFECTS OF ELEMENTS

SULFUR
less than 0.05 percent of this had a little or no effect of strength
and ductility.
Red shortness happens when there is no sulfur that causes
brittleness and unworkable condition on high temperature.
Iron sulfide increase the machinability of steels. That is why
screw stock must be die-cut at high machining rate. it carries
around .075-.15 percent of sulfur.
 EFFECTS OF ELEMENTS

PHOSPHORUS
most undesirable of all elements.
Cold shortness causes brittleness and unworkable condition
on room temperature.
must be .01-.12 percent to produce 1000 lb/sq. in of static load
on steel.
 EFFECTS OF ELEMENTS

SILICON
0.05-.2 percent is dissolve in iron to form solid solution
increasing the value mans increasing the elastic limit and
ultimate strength of steel without decreasing the ductility.
must range from .3-.4 percent.
excessiveness causes weakness and brittleness.
 EFFECTS OF ELEMENTS

Manganesse
1.5 percent proportionality of this had a tendency to increase the
strength of steel.
Red shortness happens when there is no sulfur that causes
brittleness and unworkable condition on high temperature.
5%-brittle
6-7% remarkable strength and toughness
14%- very strong ductile alloy.
insure the formation of manganesse sulfide that is less harmful
than iron sulfide
 PROPERTIES AND USES OF STEEL
USE OF CARBON STEEL IN INDUSTRY
% OF CARBON USES
.05-.15 FOR TINNING AND GALVANIZING
.15-.25 GENERAL STRUCTURE STEELS
.25-.50 FOR MACHINE PARTS
.5-.75 RAILROAD RAILS
.60-.80 HAMMERS, CUTLERY AND THE LIKES
.80-1.0 CARBON STEEL SPRINGS
1.0-1.2 LARGE LATHE TOOLS, DIES AND DRILLS
1.2-1.5 SAWS, FILES, RAZORS
 EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM OF IRON AND
IRON CARBIDE
Mechanical properties of alloy depend upon the
properties of the phase/phases which the alloy is
employed and associated.
Specification of treatment is usally made to iron and iron
carbide system rather that iron and carbon system
because under equilibrium condition carbon is in the form
of carbide(6.67% C), called Cementite.
ALLOTROPIC FORMS OF IRON

Irons exist in three allotropic forms.

alpha()
- exist in room temperature and up to 910 C
- space lattice is body centered cubic and its magnetic
up to770 C (>770 -paramagnetic
gamma()
- exist between 910 C -1390 C
- space lattice is faced centered cubic and paramagnetic
ALLOTROPIC FORMS OF IRON

Irons exist in three allotropic forms.

delta()
- from faced- centered become body centered.
-exist up to melting point of 1535 C.