Created by

Luke P. Kaim
3/8/11
University of Denver
This project was to better understand the process of
actually making maps within ArcGIS. The goal was
to make maps by hand so that I would understand
how the software package actually does this. This is
why I call it a head fake because the aim was not
really to learn how make hand drawn maps, but to
learn some of the intricacies of the process.
 Goal of this project was to compare two census tracts
and see if socioeconomic factors changed the death rate
of the tract. I chose two tracts within Denver. DU is
located in one tract and the Denver Recue mission is
located in the other tract.

Make two hand drawn maps of the tracts and

statistically test the two sets of numbers to see if they
are different.
For this project I was not allowed to use a computer and
whenever possible I tried to use reference material
before 1970.
 Get Longitude and Latitude for all of the vertices of the two tracts.

Figure out extents of the two maps.

By hand convert Longitude and Latitude to decimal degree to the

1000s place by hand. By doing this I made an attribute table for
each tract.

Plot the points. This gives one the base map and then transfer them
to a blank page or the finished copy.

Text and lettering is done using a Leroy lettering system or stencil.

 Dr. Arthur Robinson the father of analytical GIS
Longitude = X Latitude = Y
Longitude runs north south, but measures east west
Latitude runs east west, but measures north and south
5280 feet = 1 mile
1 of Longitude = 53.063 mi in Denver, Colorado
1 of Latitude= 68.886 mi Denver, Colorado
Each degree of Latitude is about the same length
Each degree of Longitude is not the same length and it
depends where you are on the globe.
cos D (sin a _ sin b) (cos a _ cos b _ cos p)
Formula, to find distance in decimal degrees because

the distance of Latitude and Longitude are different

In which
D= arc distance between A and B
a= Latitude of A
b= Latitude of B
p= Degrees of Longitude between A and B
 How do we find area of an polygon?
Planimeter
Math and calculus
 This was a really interesting fact that I did not know
and it makes perfect sense and it shows how precise
and smart people were when they started mapping
this country in the 1700 and 1800 hundreds.
100 feet chain is the most convenient length of
chain.
Does anyone know what a Gunter's chain is?

Or why it is 66 feet long?

 It is 66 feet long because it was used to measure
acreage.
66 feet x 10 chains = 660 feet *660 feet = 43,560 sq
feet = 1 acre. It is still amazing how accurate
mapping was hundreds of years ago.
 These are the equations to look if the two sets of
numbers are statistically different.

Standard _ Deviation S 2
Variance S 2
n
Variance ( X i X ) 2
i 1

T Test X 1 X 2 D0 / S12 / N1 ) ( S 2 2 / N 2 )
Degrees _ of _ freedom N 1
 Things I learned in a deeper meaning
Extent
Generalization within ArcGIS
Scale
Longitude and Latitude
Adding x,y in ArcGIS
Having a deeper understanding for what goes on behind the
scenes in a GIS package.
Text and lettering
How we teach GIS and mapping. I show you and then you
show someone else. Think about heads up digitizing. There
is no book that I am aware of that talks about how to do this.
In the same way putting a point on a map.
 Bibliography
Burt, James. Elementary Statistics for Geographers. 3rd ed. New York ;;London: Guilford Press, 2009.
Print.
Free Data | Overview. Web. 8 Mar. 2011.
Gonick, Larry. The Cartoon Guide to Statistics. 1st ed. New York NY: HarperPerennial, 1993. Print.
Latitude and Longitude Land Trust GIS. Web. 8 Mar. 2011.
Pausch, Randy. Last Lecture: Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams. Web. 8 Mar. 2011.
Planimeters & Green's Theorem. Web. 8 Mar. 2011.
Rene, Reitsma, and Trubin Stanislav. Information Visualization - Information space partitioning using
adaptive Voronoi diagrams. Web. 8 Mar. 2011.
Williams, J Butler. Practical Geodesy: Comprising Chain ... - Google Books. Web. 8 Mar. 2011.