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Machine-Level Programming
I: Basics
15-213/18-213: Introduction to Computer Systems
5th Lecture, January 31, 2017
Instructors:
Franz Franchetti and Seth C. Goldstein
Office Hours
Not too well attended (yet?)
Ask your TAs about how it was last
year
You can choose from coffee, tea,
and hot chocolate
Heres where my office is: HH A312
The time: Wed. 1:30pm-2:30pm
https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~franzf/officelocation.htm
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 2
Carnegie Mellon
Today: Machine
Programming I: Basics
History of Intel processors and
architectures
Assembly Basics: Registers, operands,
move
Arithmetic & logical operations
C, assembly, machine code
Evolutionary design
Backwards compatible up until 8086, introduced in
1978
Added more features as time goes on
Now 3 volumes, about 5,000 pages of
documentation
Complex instruction set computer (CISC)
Many different instructions with many different
formats
But, only small subset encountered with Linux
programs
Hard to match performance of Reduced Instruction
Set Computers (RISC) 4
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition
Carnegie Mellon
Added Features
Instructions to support multimedia operations
Instructions to enable more efficient conditional
operations
Transition from 32 bits to 64 bits
More cores
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 6
Carnegie Mellon
Our Coverage
IA32
The traditional x86
For 15/18-213: RIP, Summer 2015
x86-64
The standard
shark> gcc hello.c
shark> gcc m64 hello.c
Presentation
Book covers x86-64
Web aside on IA32
We will only cover x86-64
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 11
Carnegie Mellon
Today: Machine
Programming I: Basics
History of Intel processors and
architectures
Assembly Basics: Registers, operands,
move
Arithmetic & logical operations
C, assembly, machine code
Levels of Abstraction
C programmer
C code
Nice clean
layers,
Assembly programmer but beware
Computer Designer
Definitions
Architecture: (also ISA: instruction set
architecture) The parts of a processor
design that one needs to understand for
writing assembly/machine code.
Examples: instruction set specification, registers
Microarchitecture: Implementation of the
architecture
Examples: cache sizes and core frequency
Code Forms:
Machine Code: The byte-level programs that a
processor executes
Assembly Code: A text representation of machine
code
Example ISAs:
Intel: x86, IA32, Itanium, x86-64
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 14
Carnegie Mellon
Assembly/Machine Code
View
CPU Memory
Addresses
Registers
Data Code
PC Data
Condition Instructions Stack
Codes
Programmer-Visible State
PC: Program counter Memory
Byte addressable array
Address of next instruction
Code and user data
Called RIP (x86-64)
Stack to support
Register file procedures
Heavily used program data
Condition codes
Store status information about
most recent arithmetic or logical
operation
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 15
Carnegie Mellon
source
%esi %si index
destination
%edi %di index
stack
%esp %sp
pointer
base
%ebp %bp
pointer
Assembly Characteristics:
Operations
Transfer data between memory and register
Load data from memory into register
Store register data into memory
Transfer control
Unconditional jumps to/from procedures
Conditional branches
Indirect branches
movq Operand
Combinations
Source Dest Src,Dest C Analog
Simple Memory
Addressing Modes
Normal (R) Mem[Reg[R]]
Register R specifies memory address
Aha! Pointer dereferencing in C
movq (%rcx),%rax
DisplacementD(R) Mem[Reg[R]+D]
Register R specifies start of memory region
Constant displacement D specifies offset
movq 8(%rbp),%rdx
Example of Simple
Addressing Modes
void
whatAmI(<type> a, <type> b)
{
????
whatAmI:
}
movq (%rdi), %rax
movq (%rsi), %rdx
movq %rdx, (%rdi)
movq %rax, (%rsi)
ret
%rsi
%rdi
Example of Simple
Addressing Modes
void swap
(long *xp, long *yp)
{ swap:
long t0 = *xp; movq (%rdi), %rax
long t1 = *yp; movq (%rsi), %rdx
*xp = t1; movq %rdx, (%rdi)
*yp = t0; movq %rax, (%rsi)
} ret
Understanding Swap()
Memory
void swap Registers
(long *xp, long *yp)
{ %rdi
long t0 = *xp;
%rsi
long t1 = *yp;
*xp = t1; %rax
*yp = t0;
} %rdx
Register Value
%rdi xp
%rsi yp swap:
%rax t0 movq (%rdi), %rax # t0 = *xp
%rdx t1 movq (%rsi), %rdx # t1 = *yp
movq %rdx, (%rdi) # *xp = t1
movq %rax, (%rsi) # *yp = t0
ret
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 25
Carnegie Mellon
Understanding Swap()
Memory
Registers Address
123 0x120
%rdi 0x120
0x118
%rsi 0x100
0x110
%rax 0x108
%rdx 456 0x100
swap:
movq (%rdi), %rax # t0 = *xp
movq (%rsi), %rdx # t1 = *yp
movq %rdx, (%rdi) # *xp = t1
movq %rax, (%rsi) # *yp = t0
ret
Understanding Swap()
Memory
Registers Address
123 0x120
%rdi 0x120
0x118
%rsi 0x100
0x110
%rax 123 0x108
%rdx 456 0x100
swap:
movq (%rdi), %rax # t0 = *xp
movq (%rsi), %rdx # t1 = *yp
movq %rdx, (%rdi) # *xp = t1
movq %rax, (%rsi) # *yp = t0
ret
Understanding Swap()
Memory
Registers Address
123 0x120
%rdi 0x120
0x118
%rsi 0x100
0x110
%rax 123 0x108
%rdx 456 456 0x100
swap:
movq (%rdi), %rax # t0 = *xp
movq (%rsi), %rdx # t1 = *yp
movq %rdx, (%rdi) # *xp = t1
movq %rax, (%rsi) # *yp = t0
ret
Understanding Swap()
Memory
Registers Address
456 0x120
%rdi 0x120
0x118
%rsi 0x100
0x110
%rax 123 0x108
%rdx 456 456 0x100
swap:
movq (%rdi), %rax # t0 = *xp
movq (%rsi), %rdx # t1 = *yp
movq %rdx, (%rdi) # *xp = t1
movq %rax, (%rsi) # *yp = t0
ret
Understanding Swap()
Memory
Registers Address
456 0x120
%rdi 0x120
0x118
%rsi 0x100
0x110
%rax 123 0x108
%rdx 456 123 0x100
swap:
movq (%rdi), %rax # t0 = *xp
movq (%rsi), %rdx # t1 = *yp
movq %rdx, (%rdi) # *xp = t1
movq %rax, (%rsi) # *yp = t0
ret
Simple Memory
Addressing Modes
Normal (R) Mem[Reg[R]]
Register R specifies memory address
Aha! Pointer dereferencing in C
movq (%rcx),%rax
DisplacementD(R) Mem[Reg[R]+D]
Register R specifies start of memory region
Constant displacement D specifies offset
movq 8(%rbp),%rdx
Special Cases
(Rb,Ri) Mem[Reg[Rb]+Reg[Ri]]
D(Rb,Ri) Mem[Reg[Rb]+Reg[Ri]+D]
(Rb,Ri,S) Mem[Reg[Rb]+S*Reg[Ri]]
Address Computation
Examples
%rdx 0xf000
%rcx 0x0100
Address
Expression Address
Computation
0x8(%rdx) 0xf000 + 0x8 0xf008
(%rdx,%rcx)
(%rdx,%rcx) 0xf000 + 0x100 0xf100
(%rdx,%rcx,4)
(%rdx,%rcx,4) 0xf000 + 4*0x100 0xf400
0x80(,%rdx,2) 2*0xf000 + 0x80 0x1e080
0x80(,%rdx,2)
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 33
Carnegie Mellon
Address Computation
Examples
%rdx 0xf000
%rcx 0x0100
Address
Expression Address
Computation
0x8(%rdx) 0xf000 + 0x8 0xf008
(%rdx,%rcx)
(%rdx,%rcx) 0xf000 + 0x100 0xf100
(%rdx,%rcx,4)
(%rdx,%rcx,4) 0xf000 + 4*0x100 0xf400
0x80(,%rdx,2) 2*0xf000 + 0x80 0x1e080
0x80(,%rdx,2)
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 34
Carnegie Mellon
Today: Machine
Programming I: Basics
History of Intel processors and
architectures
Assembly Basics: Registers, operands,
move
Arithmetic & logical operations
C, assembly, machine code
Address Computation
Instruction
leaq Src, Dst
Src is address mode expression
Set Dst to address denoted by expression
Uses
Computing addresses without a memory reference
E.g., translation of p = &x[i];
Computing arithmetic expressions of the form x + k*y
k = 1, 2, 4, or 8
Example
long
long m12(long
m12(long x)
x)Converted to ASM by compiler:
{
{
return
return x*12;
x*12; leaq
leaq (%rdi,%rdi,2),
(%rdi,%rdi,2), %rax
%rax #
# t
t =
= x+2*x
x+2*x
}
} salq
salq $2,
$2, %rax
%rax #
# return
return t<<2
t<<2
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 36
Carnegie Mellon
unsigned
t and OHallaron, int (why?)
Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 37
Carnegie Mellon
Arithmetic Expression
Example arith:
leaq (%rdi,%rsi), %rax
long
long arith
arith addq %rdx, %rax
(long
(long x,
x, long
long y,y, long
long z)z) leaq (%rsi,%rsi,2), %rdx
{
{ salq $4, %rdx
long
long t1
t1 == x+y;
x+y; leaq 4(%rdi,%rdx), %rcx
long
long t2
t2 == z+t1;
z+t1; imulq %rcx, %rax
long
long t3
t3 == x+4;
x+4; ret
long
long t4
t4 == y
y ** 48;
48;
long
long t5
t5 == t3
t3 ++ t4;
t4;
Interesting Instructions
long
long rval
rval == t2
t2 *
* t5;
t5; leaq: address computation
return
return rval;
rval; salq: shift
}
} imulq: multiplication
But, only used once
Understanding Arithmetic
Expression Example
arith:
leaq (%rdi,%rsi), %rax # t1
long
long arith
arith addq %rdx, %rax # t2
(long
(long x,
x, long
long y,y, long
long z)z) leaq (%rsi,%rsi,2), %rdx
{
{ salq $4, %rdx # t4
long
long t1
t1 == x+y;
x+y; leaq 4(%rdi,%rdx), %rcx # t5
long
long t2
t2 == z+t1;
z+t1; imulq %rcx, %rax # rval
long
long t3
t3 == x+4;
x+4; ret
long
long t4
t4 == y
y ** 48;
48;
long
long t5
t5 == t3
t3 ++ t4;
t4; Register Use(s)
long
long rval
rval == t2
t2 *
* t5;
t5; %rdi Argument x
return
return rval;
rval;
}
} %rsi Argument y
%rdx Argument z,
t4
%rax t1, t2, rval
%rcx t5
Today: Machine
Programming I: Basics
History of Intel processors and
architectures
Assembly Basics: Registers, operands,
move
Arithmetic & logical operations
C, assembly, machine code
Assembly Characteristics:
Operations
Transfer data between memory and register
Load data from memory into register
Store register data into memory
Transfer control
Unconditional jumps to/from procedures
Conditional branches
Indirect branch
Object Code
Code for
sumstore
Assembler
0x0400595:
Translates .s into .o
0x53
0x48 Binary encoding of each instruction
0x89 Nearly-complete image of
0xd3 executable code
0xe8
Missing linkages between code in
0xf2
0xff different files
0xff Linker
0xff Total of 14 Resolves references between files
0x48
bytes Combines with static run-time
0x89
0x03 Each libraries
0x5b instruction E.g., code for malloc, printf
0xc3 1, 3, or 5
bytes Some libraries are dynamically
Starts at linked
address Linking occurs when program
0x0400595 begins execution 48
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition
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Machine Instruction
Example C Code
*dest = t;
Store value t where
designated by dest
Assembly
movq %rax, (%rbx) Move 8-byte value to
memory
Quad words in x86-64
parlance
Operands:
t: Register %rax
dest: Register %rbx
*dest: Memory M[%rbx]
0x40059e: 48 89 03
Object Code
3-byte instruction
Stored at address 0x40059e
Disassembling Object
Code
Disassembled
0000000000400595 <sumstore>:
400595: 53 push %rbx
400596: 48 89 d3 mov %rdx,%rbx
400599: e8 f2 ff ff ff callq 400590 <plus>
40059e: 48 89 03 mov %rax,(%rbx)
4005a1: 5b pop %rbx
4005a2: c3 retq
Disassembler
objdump d sum
Useful tool for examining object code
Analyzes bit pattern of series of instructions
Produces approximate rendition of assembly code
Can be run on either a.out (complete executable) or .o
file
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 50
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Alternate Disassembly
Disassembled
Alternate Disassembly
Disassembled
Obje
Dump of assembler code for function sumstore:
ct
0x0400595: 0x0000000000400595 <+0>: push %rbx
Code
0x53 0x0000000000400596 <+1>: mov %rdx,%rbx
0x48 0x0000000000400599 <+4>: callq 0x400590 <plus>
0x89 0x000000000040059e <+9>: mov %rax,(%rbx)
0xd3 0x00000000004005a1 <+12>:pop %rbx
0xe8 0x00000000004005a2 <+13>:retq
0xf2
0xff
0xff
0xff
Within gdb Debugger
0x48 Disassemble procedure
0x89 gdb sum
0x03
disassemble sumstore
0x5b
0xc3 Examine the 14 bytes starting at
sumstore
x/14xb sumstore
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 52
Carnegie Mellon
What Can be
Disassembled?
% objdump -d WINWORD.EXE
No symbols in "WINWORD.EXE".
Disassembly of section .text:
30001000 <.text>:
30001000: 55 push %ebp
30001001: 8b ec
Reverse engineering
mov %esp,%ebp
30001003: 6a ff forbidden
push by
$0xffffffff
30001005: 68 Microsoft End User
90 10 00 30 push License
$0x30001090
3000100a: 68 91 dc 4c 30 push $0x304cdc91
Agreement
Anything that can be interpreted as
executable code
Disassembler examines bytes and
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 53
Carnegie Mellon
Machine Programming I:
Summary
History of Intel processors and
architectures
Evolutionary design leads to many quirks and artifacts
C, assembly, machine code
New forms of visible state: program counter,
registers, ...
Compiler must transform statements, expressions,
procedures into low-level instruction sequences
Assembly Basics: Registers, operands,
move
The x86-64 move instructions cover wide range of
data movement forms
Arithmetic
C compiler will figure out different instruction
combinations to carry out computation
t and OHallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmers Perspective, Third Edition 54