BUSBAR

BUSBAR
 Busbar Testing

1. Contact Resistance test

2. Insulation Resistance check
before H.V test
3. H.V test (Power frequency
voltage withstand test, Impulse
voltage withstand test)
4. Insulation Resistance check
after H.V test
5. Temperature rise test
6. Rated short time current test
7. Vibration test.
 Busbar Testing
Contact Resistance
test
Contact Resistance measured by injecting the DC
current through the busbar. With the feed back of
voltage drop the resistance value will be arrived
in the micro ohmmeter.
 Busbar Testing
Insulation Resistance check after
H.V test

Insulation value measured between phase to

earth and between phases with the help of 5 KV
megger for 60 seconds. After HV test to find out
any detonation of insulation material after the
HV test voltage stress. And to be compare with
the IR values taken before the HV test.
 Busbar Testing
Insulation Resistance check
before H.V test

Insulation values measured between phase to

earth and between phases with the help of 5 KV
megger for 60 seconds.
Busbar Testing
H.V test
 Busbar Testing
H.V test
The high voltage test is conducted to find the
healthiness of the dielectric material supporting
the bus bar. This is achieved by applying 24 KV
AC between phase Earth (remaining phases are
shorted and earthed) for 1 minute. With the help
of HV test kit.

The leakage current in milli amps will be

measured and recorded for analyzing purpose the
insulation should be withstand this test for the
specified period.
Isolator testing
Isolator
Isolator testing
 Isolator testing
Short circuit test
Relay testing
Relay
Relay
 Testing of Relays
Functional Tests(Type
test)
The functional tests consist of applying
the appropriate inputs to the relay under
test and measuring the performance to
determine if it meets the specification.
They are usually carried out under
controlled environmental conditions. The
testing may be extensive,
even where only a simple relay function
is being tested
 Testing of Relays
Rating Tests(Type test)

Rating type tests are conducted to

ensure that components are used
within their specified ratings and that
there are no fire or electric shock
hazards under a
normal load or fault condition of the
power system.
 Testing of Relays
Thermal
Withstand(Type test)
The thermal withstand of VTs, CTs and
output contact circuits is determined to
ensure compliance with the specified
continuous and short-term overload
conditions.
In addition to functional verification, the
pass criterion is that there is no
detrimental effect on the relay
assembly, or circuit components, when
the product is subjected to
overload conditions that may be
 Testing of Relays
Insulation Resistance(Type test)

The insulation resistance test is

carried out according to IEC 60255-5,
i.e. 500V d.c. 10%, for a minimum of
5 seconds. This is carried out between
all circuits and case earth, between all
independent circuits and across
normally open contacts. The
acceptance criterion for a product in
new condition is a minimum of 100M
 Dielectric Voltage Withstand
1. 2.0kV r.m.s., 50/60Hz for 1 minute between all
terminals and case earth and also between
independent circuits, in accordance with IEC
60255-5. Some communication circuits are
excluded from this test, or have modified test
requirements e.g. those using D-type connectors
2. 1.5kV r.m.s., 50/60Hz for 1 minute across
normally open contacts intended for connection
to tripping
circuits, in accordance with ANSI/IEEE C37.90
3. 1.0kV r.m.s., 50/60Hz for 1 minute across
the
 ENVIRONMENTAL TYPE TESTS
Temperature Test
Dry heat withstand tests are performed at 70C
for 96
hours with the relay de-energised. Cold withstand
tests
are performed at 40C for 96 hours with the
relay deenergised.
Operating range tests are carried out with the
product energised, checking all main functions
operate
within tolerance over the specified working
temperature
 ENVIRONMENTAL TYPE TESTS
Humidity Test
The humidity test is performed to ensure that the
product will withstand and operate correctly when
subjected to 93% relative humidity at a constant
temperature of 40C for 56 days.
CCVT
Coupling capacitor
Lightening Arrester Testing
Lightening Arrester
Lightening Arrester
 Lightening Arrester
Surge Arresters ( Lightning Arresters )
are the protective devices for limiting
the surge voltages on the
equipments / power distribution
system. These arresters help in
discharging this surge current, thus
protecting the system and
equipment from dangerous over
voltages and also disturbances.
Lightning arresters, age out during its
period of services due to,
Moisture ingress, due to sealing
problems.
Ageing of Zinc Oxide Varistors.
Dust particles on external surface.
Cracks on porcelain surface.
when Lightning Arrester fails it
explodes with porcelain splinters and
apart from creating a Short Circuit, it
also mechanically damages the other
surrounding equipments like CTs, PTs,
Transformer Bushing etc, thus
creating a total disruption of power
circuit.
 Lightening Arrester
Insulation Resistance Measurement.

The tests are conducted with a High Voltage Meggar,

usually 2500V. The value, usually in the order of
megohms, is compared with the previous values and the
 Lightening Arrester
Harmonic Test (online test)

When the lightning arrestor is in line, a small leakage

current flows through it. This current can be analysed for
Harmonics. Online harmonics analysers for lightning
arrestors are available. The leakage current is analysed
for the presence of the 3rd Harmonic which usually
indicates a failure in the near future.
 Lightening Arrester
Monitoring
Surge Counter
Infrared Imaging
 Lightening Arrester
Hipot Test
The Hipot test is conducted at about
175% of the rated voltage.
In addition to these tests, a visual
inspection of the lightning arrestors for
cracks, dust accumulation, broken
fitments is also useful.

In the event of system overvoltages

or adverse weather conditions such as
thunderstorms, the lightning arrestors
 Lightening Arrester

a) Lightning Arresters and its counters

should always be in good condition.

b) The earthing pits of the Lightning

Arresters should always be kept
under activated condition.

c) The counter reading of Surge Counter be

taken every day.
Station Batteries
Capacity test
 Procedure for capacity test
Verify that the battery has had an equalizing
charge if specified by the manufacturer
Check all battery connections and ensure all
resistance readings are correct
Record specific gravity of every cell
Record the float voltage of every cell
Record the temperature of every sixth cell in
order to get an average temperature
Record the battery terminal float voltage
Disconnect the charger from the battery
 Start the discharge. The discharge current should be
corrected for the temperature obtained at point 5 (not if
capacity is corrected afterwards) and maintained during
the entire test.
Record the voltage of every cell and the battery
terminal voltage in the beginning of the discharge test
Record the voltage of every cell and the battery
terminal voltage one or several times at specified
intervals when the test is running
Maintain the discharge until the battery terminal voltage
has decreased to the specified end of discharge voltage
(for instance 1.75 x number of cells)
Record the voltage of every cell and the battery
terminal voltage at the end of the test. The cell voltages
at the end of the test have special importance since
weak cells are indicated here.
Calculate the actual battery capacity
 General Maintenance of Lead Acid
Batteries
Keep the surface of the container dry
Temperature should not exceed 450C.
Should be immediately charged after
discharging( do not keep it idle).
Store in a cool and dry place in fully
charged condition when not in use
for a long time.
Loss of water shall be made up by
distilled water.
 Stop discharging when voltage falls to 1.8
volts
Rate of charge/discharge should not be
exceeded the normal specified values.
Level of electrolyte must be kept above
the top of plates.
Maintain specific gravity of electrolyte
between 1.28 to 1.18
Flames/sparks shall be away from battery
Acid must be pure and colourless.
Instrument Transformer
Tests
 Requirements of CTs used for
protection
It should have correct ratio even if
the primary current is greater than
rated current of CT.
The core should not saturate for high
values of current during faults.
It should maintain the ratio error and
phase angle error in tolerable limits.
 Current Transformer
Mechanical Check and Visual Inspection

Verify nameplate ratings are in accordance with the approved

drawings and specifications.
Inspect for physical damage/ defects and mechanical condition.
Verify correct connection of transformers with system
requirements.
Verify that adequate clearances exist between primary and
secondary circuit wiring.
Verify tightness of accessible bolted electrical connections by
calibrated torque-wrench method.
Verify that all required grounding and shorting connection
provided.
Verify all shorting blocks are in correct position, either
grounding or open as required.
Verify single point grounding of each core done properly.
Grounding point shall be nearer to the CT location. However
 Current Transformer
Insulation Resistance Test

The voltage shall be applied between:

1. Primary to secondary plus ground.
2. Secondary to primary plus ground.
3. Secondary core to core.
Test voltage limits mentioned in table below. The ambient
temperature shall be noted down during test.

Table Test Voltage Limits

Rated voltage Test voltage
100-1000V 1000V DC
>1000 to 5000V 5000V DC
Current Transformer
Polarity Test
Magnetization curve test
 Current Transformer
Secondary / Loop Resistance Test
Ratio test