Soap and Detergent

INDUSTRY
Soap and Detergent
Soap VS Detergent
soap is natural and detergent isnt

soap is biodegradable and less harmful to the environment t

han detergents

substances that possess the ability to remove dirt from surfa

ces
Simple Process of Cleaning
Wetting of the Surface

Absorption of Soap or Detergent

Dispersion of dirt from the fibre

Preveting the soil from being deposited again

Composition Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

WHAT FOR?
History

1. Soap has been known for 2,700 years

2. Phoenicians prepares it from goat's tallow a
nd wod ashes
3. Celts named it saipo
4. known before as medicine
5. uncommon that it is used as a gift for Duche
ss
6. 19th century- soap came into such a commo
n use
Early Soap Production used ashes and animal fat
Process
plant ashes containing Potassium carbonate
was disposed in water and fat was added, then this
mixture is boiled; ashes were added again and agian
as the water evaporated
SAPONIFICATION
Early Synthetic Detergents
Turkey red oil (Sulfonated Castor Oil) is conside
red as the first synthetic detergent

Short chain alkylnapthalene-sulfonate type call

ed Nekal
Raw Materials and Additives
Major raw materials for soap manufacture are f
at and alkali
Other substances, such as optical brighteners,
water softeners and abrasives are added to obt
ain specific characteristics
Alkali NaOH
KOH
to increase detergecy
Sodium silicate, Sodium carbonate, Sodium per
borate and various Phosphates
Fats and Oils

1. Hard fat Yielding slow lathering soaps

2. Hard fats yielding quick lathering soaps

3. Oils yielding soaps of soft consistency

4. Rosin and Tall oil

Optical Brighteners
dye stuffs absorbed by the fibres from the solut
ion
convert invisible UV-light into visible light on th
e blue side of the spectrum
complement any yellowish present
Abrasives water insoluble minerals
used to rub dirt
THANK YOU