Additionalm atrialto Ch 5

TheU niversal A f r
i
fm ative

(A) is in the form "All ______ is ______,

sometimes referred to as "All S is P"
where S is the Subject and P is the
Predicate. An example would be "All
cats are animals." That categorical
proposition happens to be true. A
categorical proposition can be false,
such as "All planets are flat."
The O ppositionalSquare of
Proposition
Chapter 6
W hat is the oppositionalinference or
the oppositionalsquare of proposition?

Is a logical proposition that

denotes to understand
proposition more deeply
and intensely by
considering their opposite
forms in reference to their
qualities and quantities.
 Is a method where it is being used
to represent propositions using
their logical symbols that taken
from the symbols of categorical
proposition such as proposition A,
I, E, and O in order to manifest
their opposite relationships with
other propositions.
Oppositional Inference

it is a type of immediate
inference in which we
deduce the truth value of
another proposition (can be
A, E, I, O) from a given truth
value of a proposition of the
same structure.
 Oppositional Inference
Example:

All men are mortals is true.

Therefore, No men are mortals
is ____.

The answer is false

 CO Y
N RY
TR O
A C T
I
D
D
A IC
TR TO
N RY
CO

Because it is true/false that . . . . Therefore it is

 It is attainable when the
two propositions of
different quantity or
quality or both are being
compared.
 Types of O ppositionalInference or
O ppositionalSquare of the Proposition
1. Contradictory Opposition
exists between two propositions
which differ in both quality and
quantity.
A to O vice versa
E to I vice versa
1.1. If one is TRUE, the other is FALSE
1.2. If one is FALSE, the other is TRUE
Examples:
1.1.1 From proposition A/positive
statement to proposition O/negative
statement.

Because it is true that All saints are

Holy
Therefore, it is false that some
saints are not Holy
Examples:
1.1.2 From proposition E/negative
statement to proposition I/positive
statement.

Because it is false that All students are

Catholics
Therefore, it is true that some students
are Catholics
Examples:
(A) All men are mortals. True | False
(O) Some men are not mortals. False
| True
(O) Some men are not mortals. False
| True
(A) All men are mortals. True | False
(E) No men are angels. True | False
(I) Some men are angels. False | True
(I) Some men are angels. False | True
(E) No men are angels. True | False
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 Types of O ppositionalInference or
O ppositionalSquare of the Proposition
2. Contrary Opposition
exists between two propositions
which differ quality but not in
quantity.
(it is the opposition between A and E
propositions)
A and E both universal/singular.
2.1. If one is TRUE, the other is FALSE
2.2. If one is FALSE, the other is
DOUBTFUL.
Examples:
2.1 From proposition A/positive
statement to proposition E/negative
statement.

Because it is true that every learner of

today is an educator of tomorrow,
Therefore, it is false that no learner of
today is an educator of tomorrow.
Examples:
2.2 From proposition E/negative
statement to proposition A/positive
statement;

Because it is false that all newspapers

are reading materials.
Therefore, it is doubtful that all
newspapers are reading materials.
If one is true the other is false:
(A) All men are mortals. True(E) No men are
angels. True
(E) No men are mortals. False(A) All men are
angels. False

If one is false the other is doubtful:

(A) All men are angels. False(E) No men are
mortals. False
(E) No men are angels. Unknown(A) All men are
angels. Unknown

Explanation:
If one is false, we cannot immediately
infer that the other is true because it
 Types of O ppositionalInference or
O ppositionalSquare of the Proposition
3. Subcontrary Opposition
exists between two propositions
differs in quality but not in
quantity.
(it is the opposition between I and O
propositions)
3.1. If one is FALSE, the other is TRUE
3.2. If one is TRUE, the other is
DOUBTFUL.
Example:
3.1From Proposition I/positive
statement to Proposition
O/negative statement;

Because it is false that every

reading material is a newspaper,
Therefore, it is true that some
reading materials are newspapers.
Example:
3.2From Proposition O/negative
statement to Proposition I/positive
statement;

Because it is true that some

lawyers are honest,
Therefore, it is doubtful that every
lawyer is honest.
Rule: If one is true, the other is
Unknown. If one is false, the other is
true.
Example:
If one is true:
(I) Some animals are mammals.
True
(O) Some animals are not mammals.
Unknown
(O) Some animals are not mammals.
True
(I) Some animals are mammals.
Unknown
Rule: If one is true, the other is Unknown. If one is
false, the other is true.
Example:
If one is true:
(I) Some animals are flowers.
False
(O) Some animals are not flowers.
True
(O) Some mammals are not animals.
False
(I) Some mammals are animals.
True
 Types of O ppositionalInference or
O ppositionalSquare of the Proposition
4.Subaltern Opposition
exists between two propositions
that differs in quantity like
universal/singular and particular
but not in quality
opposition between A & I (in
positive statement) propositions and
E & O (in negative statement)
propositions
4.1. Proposition A/positive statement,
universal/singular and proposition I/positive
statement, particular

If the universal proposition is TRUE,

4.1.
the particular proposition is also TRUE.

Because it is true that every Filipino is

an Asian,
Therefore, it is also true that some
Filipinos are Asians.
4.2. Proposition E/negative statement,
universal/singular and proposition O/negative
statement, particular

If the universal proposition is

4.2.1.
FALSE, the particular proposition is
DOUBTFUL.

Because it is false that all Dalmatians

are cats.
Therefore, it is doubtful that some
Dalmatians are cats.
4.3. Proposition I/positive statement,
parTicular and proposition A/positive
statement, universal/singular.

If the particular is TRUE, the

4.3.1.
universal is DOUBTFUL.

Because it is true that some educators

are scholars.
Therefore, it is doubtful that all
educators are scholars.
4.4. Proposition O/negative statement,
particular and proposition E/negative
statement, universal/singular.

If the particular is FALSE, the

4.4.1.
universal is FALSE as well.

Because it is false that plenty of soldiers

are coward,
Therefore, it is also false that no soldiers
are coward.
Nota Bena: It the statement indicates
DOUBTFUL, it is definitely false.
If the universal is true:
(A) All men are mortals.
True
(E) No men are angels. True
(I) Some men are mortals.
True
(O) Some men are not angels. True
The Syllogism
Chapter 7
 Immediate Inference - Oppositional
Inference
A.Oppositional Inference it is a
type of immediate inference in which
we deduce the truth value of another
proposition (can be A, E, I, O) from a
given truth value of a proposition of the
same structure.
Example:
All men are
mortals is true.
Therefore, No men
are mortals is _______.
The answer is false.
http://logicwrendolf.blogspot.com/2014/02/immediate-inference-oppositional.html
propositions.
Rule: If one is true, the other is false. If one is
false, the other is unknown.
Example:
If one is true:
(A) All men are mortals. True(E) No men are
angels. True
(E) No men are mortals. False (A) All men are
angels. False
If one is false:
(A) All men are angels. False (E) No men
are mortals. False
(E) No men are angels. Unknown (A) All men are
angels. Unknown
Explanation: If one is false, we cannot immediately infer that
the other is true because it might be the case that if one is
false the other might also be false. Hence, the better answer is
unknown.
Unknown. If one is false, the other is true.
Example:
If one is true:
(I) Some animals are mammals.
True
(O) Some animals are not
mammals. Unknown
(O) Some animals are not
mammals. True
(I) Some animals are mammals.
Unknown
Explanation: If one is true, we cannot immediately
infer that the other is false since it is possible that
the other could also be true; hence, Unknown.
If one is true:
(I) Some animals are flowers.
False
(O) Some animals are not flowers.
True
between A & I propositions and E & O
propositions.
Rule: If the universal proposition is true,
the particular proposition is true. If the
universal proposition is false, the particular
proposition is Unknown.
If the particular proposition is false,
the universal proposition is false. If the
particular proposition is true, the universal
proposition is Unknown.
Example:
If the universal is true:
(A) All men are mortals.
True (E) No men are angels. True
(I) Some men are mortals.
True (O) Some men are not angels.
True
False
(I) Some men are angels
Unknown (O) Some men are not
mortals.Unknown
Explanation: If the universal is false, we
cannot immediately infer that the particular is
also false since it is possible that the
particular can be true.
If the particular is true:
(I) Some animals are mammals.
True
(A) All animals are mammals.
Unknown
(O) Some animals are not mammals.
True
(E) No animals are not mammals.
If the particular is false:
(I) Some animals are mammals.
False
(A) All animals are mammals. False
(O) Some animals are not mammals.
False
(E) No animals are not mammals.
False
4.Contradictory the opposition
between A & O propositions and E & I
propositions.
Rule: If one is true, the other is false. If one
is false, the other is true.
Examples:
(A) All men are mortals. True | False
(O) Some men are not mortals. False | True
(O) Some men are not mortals. False | True
(A) All men are mortals. True | False
(E) No men are angels. True | False
(I) Some men are angels. False | True
(I) Some men are angels. False | True
(E) No men are angels. True | False
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