INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY

Chemical Equation
Concepts and Critical Thinking
Calculations
Sixth Edition by Charles H. Corwin

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 1

 Formula
Weights

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 Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in

atomic mass units (amu)

By definition:
1 atom 12C weighs 12 amu

On this scale
1
H = 1.008 amu
16
O = 16.00 amu
2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1
 Formula Weight (FW)

A formula weight is the sum of the atomic

weights for the atoms in a chemical formula.
So, the formula weight of calcium chloride, CaCl2,
would be
Ca: 1(40.08 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.453 amu)
110.99 amu
Formula weights are generally reported for ionic
compounds.

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 Molecular Weight (MW)

A molecular weight is the sum of the atomic

weights of the atoms in a molecule.
For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the molecular
weight would be

C: 2(12.011 amu)
+ H: 6(1.00794 amu)
30.070 amu

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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Exercise 7: Calculating Formula Weights

Calculate the formula weight of (a) sucrose, C12H22O11

(table sugar), and (b) calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2.

Exercise 8

Calculate the formula weight of (a) Al(OH)3 and (b) CH3OH.

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 Percent Composition

One can find the percentage of the mass of

a compound that comes from each of the
elements in the compound by using this
equation:

(number of atoms)(atomic mass)

% Element = x 100
(FW of the compound)

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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Percent Composition

So the percentage of carbon in ethane is

(2)(12.011 amu)
%C =
(30.070 amu)
24.022 amu
= x 100
30.070 amu
= 79.887%

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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Exercise 9: Calculating Percentage Composition

Calculate the percentage of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

(by mass) in C12H22O11.

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 Finding
Empirical
Formulas

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 Calculating Empirical Formulas

One can calculate the empirical formula from the

percent composition.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Calculating Empirical Formulas

Example 13: The compound para-aminobenzoic acid

(you may have seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of
sunscreen) is composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen
(5.14%), nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%).
Find the empirical formula of PABA.

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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Calculating Empirical Formulas

Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,

C: 61.31 g x 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g

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 Calculating Empirical Formulas

Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number

of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005 7
0.7288 mol

5.09 mol
H: = 6.984 7
0.7288 mol

0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol

1.458 mol
O: = 2.001 2
0.7288 mol
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Calculating Empirical Formulas

These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:

C7H7NO2

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 Mass Relationships in
Chemical Reactions
March 6, 2017

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 Assignment (Submit Mar 7, 2017 1 Whole)

Find the Empirical Formula for the following molecular

compositions:

1. 88.8% copper; 11.2% oxygen

2. 40% carbon; 6.7% hydrogen; 53.3% oxygen
3. 92.3% carbon; 7.7% hydrogen
4. 70.0% iron; 30.0% oxygen
5. 5.88% hydrogen; 94.12% oxygen
6. 38.7% chlorine; 61.3% fluorine
7. 7.19% phosphorus; 92.81% bromine
8. 30.4% nitrogen; 69.6% oxygen

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

 Assignment (Submit Mar 7, 2017 1 Whole)
Find the molecular formula for the following:

1. If the compound in question 7 has a molar mass of 431g/mol, what is

the molecular formula?

2. If the compound in question 8 has a molar mass of 92g/mol, what is the

molecular formula?

3. Naphthalene is a carbon and hydrogen containing compound often used

in moth balls. The empirical formula is C5H4 and its molar mass is
128.16g/mol. Find the molecular formula.

4. A compound with the following composition has a molar mass of

60.10g/mol: 39.97% carbon; 13.41% hydrogen; 46.62% nitrogen.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 18

 Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in atomic

mass units (amu)

By definition:
1 atom 12C weighs 12 amu

On this scale
1
H = 1.008 amu
16
O = 16.00 amu
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 Natural lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)

Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016

= 6.941 amu
100

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 Average atomic mass (6.941)

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 The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadros number (NA)
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 eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams
marbles
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu

1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C

1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
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 1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g
x =
12.00 amu 6.022 x 1023 12C atoms 1 amu

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu

M = molar mass in g/mol

NA = Avogadros number
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 Do You Understand Molar Mass?
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?

1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K

8.49 x 1021 atoms K

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 Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.

1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu

1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
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 Do You Understand Molecular Mass?
How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?

1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O

1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H

1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms

72.5 g C3H8O x x x =
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms

5.82 x 1024 atoms H

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 Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of the
compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%

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 A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or
more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens
during a chemical reaction

3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

reactants products
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 How to Read Chemical Equations

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO

2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

IS NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on

the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas

(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
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 Balancing Chemical Equations

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in

only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O

2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO2 by 2

on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O

6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
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 Balancing Chemical Equations

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or

more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 72

2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left (2x2) (3x1) on right

C2H6 + 7O remove fraction

2CO2 + 3H2O
2 2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

5. Check to make sure that you have the same

number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
12
4 CH
14 O(2
(2
(7xx2)
6)
2) 1412
OH(44(6
xC 2x +2)6)

Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O

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 Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions

1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
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 Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
what mass of water is produced?

grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O

molar mass coefficients molar mass

CH3OH chemical equation H2O

1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O

209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

235 g H2O

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 Practice
What mass, in grams, of KClO3 is consumed when
90 grams of O2 is produced according to the
following reaction:

2 KClO3(s) -----------> 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)

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 Practice

What mass, in grams, of KClO3 is consumed when

90 grams of O2 is produced according to the
following reaction:

2 KClO3(s) -----------> 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)

KClO3 = 229.7 g KClO3

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 Practice

Given the balanced equation: 2 NO2 --------> N2O4

What mass, in grams, of N2O4 is produced when 10
moles of NO2 is consumed?

a) 153 b) 690 c) 368 d) 460 e) 1150

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 Practice

Given the balanced equation: 2 NO2 --------> N2O4

What mass, in grams, of N2O4 is produced when 10
moles of NO2 is consumed?

Ans. d)460

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 Practice

Given the balanced equation:

ZnSO4 + SrCl2 ------> SrSO4 + ZnCl2
What number of moles of SrCl2 is consumed when
54 g of ZnCl2 is produced?

a) 0.16 b) 0.3 c) 0.79 d) 1.58 e) 0.4

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 Practice

Given the balanced equation:

ZnSO4 + SrCl2 ------> SrSO4 + ZnCl2
What number of moles of SrCl2 is consumed when
54 g of ZnCl2 is produced?

Ans. e) 0.4

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 Practice

Given the balanced equation:

Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 ---------> PbCrO4 + 2 KNO3
What number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 is consumed
when 54 g of KNO3 is produced?

a) 0.13 b) 0.18 c) 0.27 d) 1.34 e) 0.67

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 Practice

Given the balanced equation:

Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 ---------> PbCrO4 + 2 KNO3
What number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 is consumed
when 54 g of KNO3 is produced?

Ans. c) 0.27

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 Practice

Given the balanced equation:

2 C8H18 + 25 O2 --------> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
What number of moles of CO2 is produced when 60
grams of C8H18 is consumed?

a) 3.37 b) 7.02 c) 5.26 d) 2.11 e) 4.21

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 Practice

Given the balanced equation:

2 C8H18 + 25 O2 --------> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
What number of moles of CO2 is produced when 60
grams of C8H18 is consumed?

Ans.e) 4.21

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 Limiting Reactant Concept

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 47

 Limiting Reagents

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 Limiting Reactant Concept
Say youre making grilled cheese sandwiches.
You need one slice of cheese and two slices of
bread to make one sandwich.
1 Cheese + 2 Bread 1 Sandwich
If you have five slices of cheese and eight slices of
bread, how many sandwiches can you make?
You have enough bread for four sandwiches and
enough cheese for five sandwiches.
You can only make four sandwiches; you will run
out of bread before you use all the cheese.
2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 49
 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 50
 Limiting Reactant Concept, Continued
Since you run out of bread first, bread is the
ingredient that limits how many sandwiches you
can make.
In a chemical reaction, the limiting reactant is the
reactant that controls the amount of product you
can make.
A limiting reactant is used up before the other
reactants.
The other reactants are present in excess.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 51

 Determining the Limiting Reactant
If you heat 2.50 mol of Fe and 3.00 mol of S, how
many moles of FeS are formed?
Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)
According to the balanced equation, 1 mol of Fe
reacts with 1 mol of S to give 1 mol of FeS.
So 2.50 mol of Fe will react with 2.50 mol of S to
produce 2.50 mol of FeS.
Therefore, iron is the limiting reactant and sulfur
is the excess reactant.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 52

 Determining the Limiting Reactant,
Continued
If you start with 3.00 mol of sulfur and 2.50 mol
of sulfur reacts to produce FeS, you have 0.50 mol
of excess sulfur (3.00 mol 2.50 mol).
The table below summarizes the amounts of each
substance before and after the reaction.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 53

 Mass Limiting Reactant Problems
There are three steps to a limiting reactant problem:
1. Calculate the mass of product that can be produced
from the first reactant.
mass reactant #1 mol reactant #1 mol product mass product

2. Calculate the mass of product that can be produced

from the second reactant.
mass reactant #2 mol reactant #2 mol product mass product

3. The limiting reactant is the reactant that produces the

least amount of product.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 54

 Mass Limiting Reactant Problems,
Continued
How much molten iron is formed from the
reaction of 25.0 g FeO and 25.0 g Al?
3 FeO(l) + 2 Al(l) 3 Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)
First, lets convert g FeO to g Fe:
1 mol FeO 3 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe
25.0 g FeO x x
71.85 g FeO 3 mol FeO 1 mol Fe
= 19.4 g Fe

We can produce 19.4 g Fe if FeO is limiting.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 55
 Mass Limiting Reactant Problems,
Continued
3 FeO(l) + 2 Al(l) 3 Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)
Second, lets convert g Al to g Fe:
1 mol Al 3 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe
25.0 g Al x x x
26.98 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe
= 77.6 g Fe

We can produce 77.6 g Fe if Al is limiting.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 56

 Mass Limiting Reactant Problems
Finished
Lets compare the two reactants:
1. 25.0 g FeO can produce 19.4 g Fe.
2. 25.0 g Al can produce 77.6 g Fe.

FeO is the limiting reactant.

Al is the excess reactant.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 57

 Volume Limiting Reactant Problems
Limiting reactant problems involving volumes
follow the same procedure as those involving
masses, except we use volumes.
volume reactant volume product
We can convert between the volume of the
reactant and the product using the balanced
equation.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 58

 Do You Understand Limiting Reagents?
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.

g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed

OR
g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed

1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3

124 g Al x x x = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3

Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3

Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent

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 Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that
can be formed.

g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102. g Al2O3

124 g Al x x x = 234 g Al2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3

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 Percent Yield

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 61

 Percent Yield
When you perform a laboratory experiment, the
amount of product collected is the actual yield.
The amount of product calculated from a limiting
reactant problem is the theoretical yield.
The percent yield is the amount of the actual yield
compared to the theoretical yield.

actual yield
x 100 % = percent yield
theoretical yield

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 62

 Calculating Percent Yield
Suppose a student performs a reaction and obtains
0.875 g of CuCO3 and the theoretical yield is
0.988 g. What is the percent yield?
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CuCO3(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

0.875 g CuCO3
x 100 % = 88.6 %
0.988 g CuCO3

The percent yield obtained is 88.6%.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 63
 Chapter Summary
The coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction
are the mole ratio of the reactants and products.
The coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction
are the volume ratio of gaseous reactants and
products.
We can convert moles or liters of a given
substance to moles or liters of an unknown
substance in a chemical reaction using the
balanced equation.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 64

 Chapter Summary, Continued
Here is a flow chart for performing stoichiometry
problems.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 65

 Chapter Summary, Continued
The limiting reactant is the reactant that is used
up first in a chemical reaction.
The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount
calculated based on the limiting reactant.
The actual yield is the amount of product isolated
in an actual experiment.
The percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to
the theoretical yield.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 66

 Assignment Limiting Reagent
1. Given the following reaction: C3H8 + O2 -------> CO2 + H2O
a) If you start with 14.8 g of C3H8 and 3.44 g of O2, determine the limiting reagent
b) determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide produced
c) determine the number of grams of H2O produced
d) determine the number of grams of excess reagent left

2. Given the following equation: Al2(SO3)3 + 6 NaOH ------> 3 Na2SO3 + 2 Al(OH)3

a) If 10.0 g of Al2(SO3)3 is reacted with 10.0 g of NaOH, determine the limiting reagent
b) Determine the number of moles of Al(OH)3 produced
c) Determine the number of grams of Na2SO3 produced
d) Determine the number of grams of excess reagent left over in the reaction

3. Given the following equation: Al2O3 + Fe ------> Fe3O4 + Al

a) If 25.4 g of Al2O3 is reacted with 10.2 g of Fe, determine the limiting reagent
b) Determine the number of moles of Al produced
c) Determine the number of grams of Fe3O4 produced
d)
2011Determine the number
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Chapter 10 left over in the reaction 67
 Assignment Percent Yield
1. Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl, is used in the production of chemicals such as aspirin
and dyes. One way that chlorobenzene is prepared is by reacting benzene, C6H6,
with chlorine gas according to the following BALANCED equation:
C6H6 (l) + Cl2 (g) C6H5Cl (s) + HCl (g)
a. What is the theoretical yield if 45.6 g of benzene react? ?
b. If the actual yield is 63.7 g of chlorobenzene, calculate the percent yield.

2. When carbon disulfide burns in the presence of oxygen, sulfur dioxide and carbon
dioxide are produced according to the following equation. CS2 (l) + 3 O2 (g)
CO2 (g) + 2 SO2 (g)
a. What is the percent yield of sulfur dioxide if the burning of 25.0 g of
carbon disulfide produces 40.5 g of sulfur dioxide? ?
b. What is the percent yield of carbon dioxide if 2.5 mol of oxygen react and 32.4 g
of carbon dioxide are produced? ?

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 68