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SITE
SITE INTRODUCTION
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In site planning, as in other forms of problem-solving, the critical thinking
process of research, analysis and synthesis makes a major contribution to the
formation of design decisions.
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There are two methods of establishing a SITE :
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SITE ANALYSIS involves the study of the site in terms of the following :
Natural factors :
1. Geology
2. Geomorphology physiography, landforms, soils,
drainage, topography and slopes, and soil erosion
3. Hydrology surface and ground water
4. Vegetation plant ecology
5. Wildlife habitats
6. Climate solar orientation, wind, and humidity.
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SITE ANALYSIS
Cultural factors :
1. Existing land use ownership of adjacent property,
off-site nuisances
2. Traffic and transit vehicular and pedestrian
circulation on or adjacent to site
3. Density and zoning legal and regulatory controls
4. Socio-economic factors
5. Utilities sanitary, storm-water, water supply, power
supply, and communications.
6. Historic factors historic buildings, landmarks, and
archeology
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SITE ANALYSIS :
Aesthetic factors :
1. Natural features
2. Spatial patterns spaces and sequences
3. Visual Resources views and vistas
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GEOLOGY is the natural science that studies the Earth its
composition; the processes that shaped its surface; and its history.
Earth is made up of rocks (including soil, sand, silt and dust); rocks are composed
of minerals; minerals are made up of atoms :
Igneous Rocks formed through the cooling and solidification of
magma or lava. rocks produced by crystallization from a liquid.
THE NATURAL FACTORS
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GEOLOGY
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GEOLOGY
Metamorphosed Rocks when sedimentary rocks are pushed to
deeper levels of the earth, they transform into metamorphosed rocks
due to changes in pressure and temperature .
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GEOMORPHOLOGY - is that branch of Geology that deals with the
origin, nature and distribution of landforms.
Physiography refers
to the description of
landforms.
Landforms are
irregularities on the earths
surface. They are derived
from volcanic, glacial, or
erosional processes.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
When designing a piece of property for architectural, landscape architectural
and engineering usage, it is essential for the designer to first confront the
nature of the land, particularly its form, its slopes, and its inherent capabilities
for surface and subsurface discharge of water, for supporting vertical and
horizontal structures, and for resisting erosion. This exercise requires four
basic geomorphologic information such as :
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
In site planning, it is important to establish the relationship between soil
composition and land uses (other than agriculture). Soil surveys help guide in
site selection for residential, industrial, and other forms of development that
involve surface and subsurface structures.
Several features, or properties, are used to describe soil for use in site
design. Of these ---
1. COMPOSITION
2. TEXTURE
are generally the most meaningful; from them we can make inferences about
bearing capacity, internal drainage, erodibility, and slope stability.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES:
1. COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil:
mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
COMPOSITION:
a. Mineral Particles
comprise 50% to 80%
of the volume of the
soil and form the all
important skeletal
structure of the soil.
Sand and gravel
particles provide for the
greatest stability,
usually yield a relat-
ively high bearing
capacity,
Bearing capacity is a soils resistance to penetration
from a weighted object such as a building foundation.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
COMPOSITION:
b. Organic Matter varies radically in soils and usually imposes a
limitation to any building structure. Organic matter is important
only for soil fertility, moisture absorption and retention
and for landscaping.
c. Water content varies with particle sizes, local drainage,
topography and climate. Most water occupies the spaces between
particles; only in organic soils do the particles themselves actually
absorb measurable amounts of water.
d. Air is what occupies remaining space that is not occupied by
water. In layers where groundwater is formed by gravity water
in the subsoil and underlying rock, there is absence of air.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TEXTURE
There are 12 basic terms for texture, at the center of which is Class LOAM,
which is an intermediate mixture of 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE:
GOOD DRAINAGE refers to the soils ability
to transfer gravity water downward through:
1. Infiltration - the rate at which water
penetrates the soil surface (usually
measured in cm or inches per hour);
2. Permeability - the rate at which water
within the soil moves through a given
volume of material (also measured in
cm or inches per hour)
3. Percolation - the rate at which water in
a soil pit or pipe within the soil is taken
up by the soil (used mainly in
wastewater absorption tests and
measured in inches per hour)
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE:
POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity
water is not readily transmitted by the soil
and soil is frequently or permanently
saturated and may have water standing on
it caused by :
1. The local accumulation of water ;
2. A rise in the level of groundwater within
the soil column;
3. The size of the particles in the soil
being too small to transmit infiltration
water.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
7,000
6,000
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
Four factors to consider in forecasting erosion rates:
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SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
1. Vegetation:
Foliage intercepts
raindrops
Organic litter on the
ground reduces
impact of raindrops
Roots bind together Cover density, in form of
aggregates of soil ground cover or tree
particles canopy, decreases soil
loss to runoff
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
2. Soil Type:
Intermediate
textures like sand
will usually yield
(erode) first
To erode clay, the
velocity of the runoff
should be high
enough to overcome
cohesive forces that Similarly, high velocities would be
bind the particles needed to move masses of pebbles
together and particles larger than those of
sand
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
3. Slope Size and Inclination:
The velocity of runoff is
closely related to the
slope of the ground
over which it flows.
Slopes that are both
steep and long produce
the greatest erosion Slope also influences the quantity
because they generate of runoff since long slopes collect
runoff that is high in more rainfall and thus generate a
velocity and mass. larger volume of runoff.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
4. Frequency and Intensity of
Rainfall:
Intensive rainfalls produced
by thunderstorms promote
the highest rates of erosion.
Accordingly, the incidence of
storms plus total annual
rainfall can be a reliable
measure of the effectiveness
of rainfall in promoting soil
erosion.
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HYDROLOGY the natural science that studies the Waters of the
Earth, their occurrence, circulation and distribution, their chemical
and physical properties, and their reaction to the living environment
including their relation to all living things.
Hydrologic cycle or
the planets water cycle,
described by the
movement of water from
the oceans to the
atmosphere to the
continents and back to
the sea .
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HYDROLOGY
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VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
2. Environmental Engineering
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VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
a. Solar Radiation is Earths source of light and heat. It warms
the earths surface, is reflected by paving and other objects,
and produces glare.
Trees are one of the best controls for solar radiation because:
they block or filter sunlight;
they cool the air under their canopies providing natural air
conditioning;
Scientists have recorded that with an air temperature of 84deg F,
surface temp of a concrete paving was 108 deg, while surface temp
under shade trees were 20deg lower.
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VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
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VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
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VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
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VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
b. Noise To understand noise:
The sound level of normal conversation is about 60 decibels; a
plane taking off produces 120 decibels at a distance of 200 ft.
Sound energy usually spreads out and dissipates in transmission.
Sound waves can be absorbed, reflected or deflected.
Plants absorb sound waves through their leaves, branches,
twigs, especially those with thick fleshy leaves and thin petioles.
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VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
b. Noise
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VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
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VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
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VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
d. Erosion Control
Vegetation with extensive
root systems imparts
stability to slopes.
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VEGETATION:
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
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VEGETATION:
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
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WILDLIFE:
Wildlife relates closely to habitats provided by plant communities. The three
groups of habitat elements essential to the different species of wildlife are:
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WILDLIFE:
3. Wetland Wildlife wetland species include birds and mammals needing
habitats with:
a. Wetland food plants or wild herbaceous plants of moist to wet
sites, excluding submerged or floating aquatic plants;
b. Shallow water development with water impoundments not deeper
than 5 ft.;
c. Excavated ponds with ample supply of water at least one acre and
average 6ft depth.
d. streams
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CLIMATE:
a. Solar orientation
for buildings;
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CLIMATE:
Solar orientation
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CLIMATE:
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CLIMATE:
Wind flows
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SITE PLANNING CONCEPT USING NATURAL FACTORS:
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EXISTING LAND USE:
Land Use Plans are available in each city and municipality to determine the
areas for commercial, institutional, industrial, residential, and open space
uses. These were planned according to the most rational use of land in
relation to the natural and socio-economic factors, and in accordance with
compatibility with adjacent land uses.
Each site must conform to the land use plan: a residential subdivision, for
example, cannot be developed in a site designated as Industrial.
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TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT SYSTEMS:
The relationship of traffic pattern to each other and to the site must be
studied for adequacy of access and efficiency of circulation within and
outside of the site.
Direction of dominant traffic flow, both vehicular and pedestrian will also
help establish points of highest visual impact for the site.
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DENSITY AND ZONING:
Density refers to the population per unit land area. This data will determine
whether existing utilities and land areas will be sufficient to sustain additional
future development, which will naturally add to the existing population and
bear on the capacity of these utilities.
Density influences the privacy, social contact among people, and freedom of
movement of an individual or a group of people.
Zoning regulations, laws and codes are present in every city and municipality
to regulate the type of development. It divides the city or municipality into land
use areas that are designated by building height, building coverage, density
of population, and open space.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS:
The study of the community and its social and economic structures are done
to determine whether there is a need, an interest, or any objections on the
project.
Any proposed project must be compatible with the economy of the particular
community. For example, a high-end boutique is hardly suitable in a low-
income community.
The social structure of the community must be taken into consideration to
ensure that a proposed development will not result in any displaced families,
and any major disruption in their businesses and other activities.
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UTILITIES / SERVICES:
Sanitary/sewage system
Electric power supply
Water supply
Drainage
Most water systems will supply domestic, industrial, and fire stand-by supply
from a distribution system. Storm drains collect surface water and conduct it
to rivers, creeks, or other bodies of water.
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HISTORIC FACTORS:
1. Historic Buildings
2. Historic Landmarks
3. Archeology
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NATURAL FEATURES:
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SPATIAL PATTERNS:
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VISUAL RESOURCES:
A view can be a theme that may The full view is not always
suggest and give added meaning the best view.
to buildings.
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VISUAL RESOURCES:
A view is usually
better if enframed or
seen through an
appropriate screen.
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