C1 REVISION

Key knowledge
What is the smallest part of an element?
An atom

If a symbol has two letters, how must we write them?

A capital and then a lower case letter eg He

What is formed when two or more different atoms are

bonded together ?
A compound

What is in the centre of an atom and how big is it?

The nucleus and it is tiny compared to the whole atom.

What charge does an atom have?

No charge.
Which two particles are in the nucleus and which particles
orbit the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in shells.

What mass and charge do these three particles have?

Proton mass 1 charge +1
Neutron mass 1 charge 0
Electron mass almost zero charge -1

What is the atomic number?

The number of protons
What is the mass number?
The number of protons plus neutrons

How do you calculate the number of neutrons?

Take the atomic number away from the mass number.
How many electrons are needed to fill the first three
energy levels or shells?
2,8,8

How would you write the electronic configuration of

calcium that has 20 protons and therefore 20 electrons.
2,8,8,2

Three elements are all in group 1 of the periodic table.

What does this tell you about their electrons?
They all have one electron in their outer shell.
Why are the noble gases unreactive?
They all have full outer shells of electrons.

What happens when a metal bonds with a non-metal?

Electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal
to form positive metal ions and negative non-metal ions.
What is a molecule?
Two or more non-metal atoms covalently bonded together.
They can be the same element (O2) or different ones
(CH4).

What two things does a chemical formula tell us?

What elements are in a compound and the ratio they are in.

What is on the left of an equation?

The reactants.
What is on the right?
The products.

What has to be the same on both sides in a balanced

equation?
The number and mass of each type of atom.
What is the chemical name for limestone?
Calcium carbonate.
What is produced when powdered limestone is heated with
clay?
Cement
What is cement mixed with to make concrete?
Water, sand and crushed rock
What type of reaction happens when you heat limestone
and what is produced?
Thermal decomposition
Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Why is a rotary kiln used?
It mixes the limestone in the hot air.
Some metal carbonates decompose more easily than
others. Describe the pattern.
The more reactive the metal, the harder it is to
decompose the carbonate.
What do you use to test for carbon dioxide and what do
you see?
Bubble it through limewater which turns cloudy.

What is limewater?
Calcium hydroxide solution.

How do you make calcium hydroxide from calcium oxide?

Add water and filter it.

Why does carbon dioxide turn limewater cloudy?

It produces insoluble calcium carbonate as a precipitate.

How can you separate a precipitate?

Filter it.
What does lime mortar react with as it sets?
Carbon dioxide in the air to form calcium carbonate

What is used to reinforce modern concrete?

Steel rods, glass fibres, carbon fibres, Kevlar

How is limestone obtained?

By quarrying.

What are some of the environmental problems associated

with quarrying and mining?
Noise pollution
Dust pollution
Destruction of animal and plant habitats
Visual pollution due to spoil heaps
Give an advantage to the local community.
More jobs and improved road links.
What are metals extracted from?
Ores. Rocks containing metals combined with other
elements in the Earths crust.

Name two unreactive metals that can be found native (as

the metal on its own).
Gold and silver

What method is used to extract the less reactive metals?

Heating them with carbon.(Reduction with carbon)

What method must be used for metals that are more

reactive than carbon?
Electrolysis

Name two metals that are extracted by electrolysis.

Aluminium and sodium
Which metal is extracted using a blast furnace?
Iron.

Why is iron from the blast furnace so brittle?

It contains impurities, mainly carbon.

How are these removed?

By adding oxygen to turn them into carbon dioxide.

How do we make this soft iron more useful?

Add other elements to create harder alloys.
What is added to make stainless steel?
Chromium and nickel.
Aluminium is low density and a good conductor. Give five
uses of aluminium.
Drinks cans, high-voltage cables, aeroplanes,
bicycles,cooking foil
Aluminium is quite reactive but forms an oxide layer that
stops further corrosion. How is it extracted from its ore?
By electrolysis
Titanium is very strong and resistant to corrosion with a
high melting point. What is it used for?
Aircraft and bike frames, jet engines, nuclear reactors,
replacement hip joints.
How is titanium extracted?
By converting titanium oxide into the chloride and then
displacing it with more reactive sodium or magnesium.
Why is this process expensive?
It requires a lot of energy for each step.
How is copper extracted?
By smelting (reduction using carbon)
By adding sulphuric acid to copper oxide to make copper
sulfate followed by electrolysis or displacement using iron.
By bioleaching (using bacteria) or phytomining (using plants)
Why are most metals used as alloys and not pure metals?
Alloys are harder than pure metals.

Which properties of copper make it ideal for water pipes?

Unreactive, easily bent but still strong.

Why is recycling of metals important?

High grade ores are running out so it conserves them
Extraction is energy intensive so it saves energy
Extraction can lead to air and water pollution
It reduces landfill
Describe three metals that are used in construction.
Copper for water pipes and wiring
Lead for sealing roof joints as it is easily bent.
Steel for girders and scaffolding as it is strong
What is a hydrocarbon.
A compound of hydrogen and carbon only.

What is crude oil?

A mixture of hydrocarbons.

What is a fraction?
A small group of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

What is fractional distillation used for?

To separate the different fractions in crude oil
What is the general formula for an alkane?
CnH(2n+2).

What does saturated hydrocarbon mean?

No more hydrogen atoms can be added as there are no
double bonds present.
What does flammable mean?
Burns easily

What does volatile mean?

Turns into a gas easily.

What does viscous mean?

Doesnt flow easily.

How are boiling point and chain length related?

Longer chains have higher boiling points.
What happens to the crude oil before it enters the cooling
tower?
It is heated to vaporise it.
What happens as the vapour rises?
Different fractions cool and condense at different
heights.
What two substances are produced when hydrocarbon
fuels burn in plenty of oxygen?
carbon dioxide and water
All fossil fuels contain some sulphur. What gas is produced
when this burns?
Sulfur dioxide SO2
What problem does this cause?
Acid rain.
If oxygen is limited, which toxic gas can be produced?
Carbon monoxide.
What is formed inside hot engines when nitrogen reacts
with oxygen?
Nitrogen oxides that can trigger asthma
What are particulates?
Tiny particles of carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons that
can damage our lungs.
Which gas is the main greenhouse gas that causes global
warming?
Carbon dioxide
Particulates can reflect sunlight back into space. What
does this cause?
Global dimming
What effect does carbon monoxide have on our bodies?
Reduces the oxygen our blood can carry.
What does a catalytic converter do?
Reduces the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
produced by engines by making them react together.
What are biofuels?
Fuels made from plant or animal products
How is bioethanol made?
By fermenting sugar from sugar cane or beet. It is added
to petrol to conserve the limited supplies remaining.
Which gas do plants take in when they grow?
Carbon dioxide
Why do we say growing biofuel is nearly carbon neutral?
They take in carbon dioxide as they grow and give out the
same amount when they are burnt
Why arent they completely carbon neutral?
Carbon dioxide is released when tractors add fertiliser and
sprays, harvest and transport them.
Give three other advantages of biodiesel
Less harmful to animals and plants than diesel if spilled.
Burns more cleanly so less air pollution.
It is a renewable fuel.
What are the disadvantages?
Takes large areas out of food production so people could
starve in poor countries.
Habitats can be destroyed.
It could gum up engines at high temperatures
What is cracking?
Breaking longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more
valuable chains.

What conditions are needed?

High temperature and a catalyst.

What type of reaction happens?

Thermal decomposition

Which two types of molecules are produced?

Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
What do unsaturated hydrocarbons contain?
C-C double bonds
What is the test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Shake it with bromine water that changes from orange to
colourless
What is a monomer?
Small reactive molecules that join together to form very
long chains

What is a polymer?
A very long chain of monomers.

If lots of ethene monomers join together, which polymer is

formed?
Poly(ethene).
How do you show a polymer being formed?
What are the benefits of a light sensitive plaster?
They are easier to take off sensitive skin..
What are hydrogels used for?
Wound dressings and soft contact lenses.
Why is a shape memory polymer also called a smart
polymer?
It tightens in response to the higher temperature of the
body.
What can PET drinks bottles be recycled into?
Fleece jackets and duvet fillings.
What happens to traditional plastics in landfill?
They do not rot away.
What are biodegradable plastics?
Plastics ,often made from plant products, that can be
broken down by microorganisms.
Why is recycling plastics difficult?
There are many different types to sort first.
What is the formula of ethanol?
C2H5OH

What is the word equation for fermentation of sugar?

sugar ethanol + carbon dioxide

What living thing is needed to provide the enzymes?

Yeast

Ethanol is a solvent and a fuel. What does this mean?

It can be used to clean or dissolve oil-based paints and
burnt to release energy.

How can ethanol be made from ethene?

By reacting it with steam using a catalyst at high
temperature and pressure.
What are the two products of photosynthesis?
glucose and oxygen
Which of these is turned into vegetable oils in plants like
oilseed rape?
The glucose
What are the stages in extracting the oil?
Harvest the seeds
Crush them
Press them
Remove the impurities
How can steam be used in extracting oils?
Boil the plant with water to evaporate the oil and condense
it again.
What do unsaturated oils contain and how do you test for
them?
C-C double bonds and test by shaking with orange bromine
water than turns colourless.
If you cook food in water, what is the highest
temperature it can reach?
100C

How do oils cook food differently to water?

They are hotter so they cook faster
The food is crispier on the outside and soft inside
The food absorbs some oil so it contain more energy and
may be less healthy

How can you turn liquid oils into harder fats?

Add hydrogen across the double bonds using a nickel
catalyst at 60C
What is an emulsion?
A mixture of fine droplets of oil and water
What does an emulsifier do?
It stops the oil and water from separating into layers.
What is the natural emulsifier in mayonnaise?
Egg yolk
Give three examples of emulsions
Milk ice cream emulsion paint.
The tail of an emulsifier is hydrophobic. What does this
mean?
It hates water and is attracted to the oil.
The head is hydrophilic. What is it attracted to?
The water and it is charged so it repels other oil droplets
and keeps them apart.
What is a food additive?
A substance added to food to improve taste,
texture or appearance

What numbers are additives given?

E numbers.

Why are vegetable oils better for you than animal

fats?
They contain unsaturated fats and produce lower
levels of bad cholesterol so reduce heart disease.
They also contain Vitamin E
What is inside the Earth?
A dense, solid inner core and a liquid outer core of nickel
and iron, a thick mantle and a thin crust.
How do we know?
We have evidence from earthquakes and the way seismic
waves travel.

The mantle behaves like a solid but what can it do that

solids cant?
Flow slowly.

The crust is made of huge pieces that can move. What

are they called?
Tectonic plates.
What makes them move?
Convection currents due to heating by radioactive decay
in the Earth.
What causes an earthquake?
Sudden movements of the plates at their boundaries.

How can we predict them?

By putting markers across boundaries or using infrared
cameras on satellites.

Who came up with the idea of continental drift?

Wegener

How long ago did the Earth form?

4.5 billion years.

What covered the surface at the beginning?

Volcanoes.
What was probably in the early atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen with some
methane and ammonia.

What happened as the Earth cooled?

The water vapour condensed to form the oceans.

When do we think life first appeared?

About 3.4 billion years ago.

Why cant we be sure of these times?

There is no direct evidence.

What did the Miller-Urey experiment try to do?

Re-create the conditions in the early atmosphere and
combine water, ammonia, methane and hydrogen using
high voltage to create amino acids.
What are two other theories about the origin of life?
Meteors may have brought biological molecules from
space. Deep sea vents may have produced them.

What are the carbon dioxide levels in the current

atmosphere?
Around 0.04%.

What caused the levels to fall?

Plants took in carbon dioxide and were eaten by animals.
Carbon was locked up in carbonate rocks formed from
bones and shells and in fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide also
dissolved in the oceans.

What happened to the ammonia and methane?

They reacted with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water
and nitrogen.
What gases are in the atmosphere today?
Nitrogen 78% oxygen 21% argon 0.9%
carbon dioxide.

What are the carbon dioxide levels in the current

atmosphere?
Around 0.04%.

How do we obtain different gases from the air?

By fractional distillation of liquid air.

Which liquid gas is use to freeze sperm and embryos?

Nitrogen.

What property of nitrogen makes it suitable for

preserving food and documents?
It is unreactive
What has kept carbon dioxide levels stable for millions
of years?
The oceans which absorb excess carbon dioxide and also
release it.
What human activities add carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere from carbon locked up long ago?
Burning fossil fuels.
Name two carbon dioxide sinks.
Plants and oceans.
How do the oceans act as a buffer for carbon dioxide?
They deposit insoluble carbonates as sediment and
produce soluble hydrogencarbonates which stay in
solution.
What is carbon capture and storage?
Pumping carbon dioxide from power stations into
underground rocks.