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SEISMICITY
PREPARED BY:
BINODGURUNG(071BCE0
9) 1
INTRODUCTION
Shaking of the earth
crust due to the rapid
movement of the outer
layer of the earth.
Occur when rocks are
stressed beyond their
elastic limits and fail
in the brittle fashion.
Tangshan
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Earthquake
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
Earthquake types distance of focus
from earth surface
1) Shallow o-70 km
earthquake
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TERMINOLOGIES
HYPOCENTER: The location
earthquake originates
4
MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE: Describes the
Giuseppe
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Mercalli
Mercalli Characteristics effects Appxro. Ritcher
intensity scale
I-Instrumental Not felt 1
II-Just Felt by a few person 1.5
perceptible
III-Slight Felt quite in upper floor 2
IV-Perceptible Indoor more, outdoor 3
few
V-Rather strong Felt by nearly everyone 4
VI-Strong Felt by all 5
VII-Very strong Damage may occur in 5.5
poor structures.
VIII-Destructive Damage in ordinary 6
buildings
IX-Ruinous Damage in special 6.5
design structures
X-Disastrous Most structures 7
damaged. 6
XI-Very Bridges destroyed.
RITCHER MAGNITUDE SCALE: Describes
the magnitude of the earthquake by
measuring seismic waves.
Charles Ritcher
7
Ritcher magnitude scale Release energy (kJ)
3 10 to the power 6
4 10 to the power 7
5 10 to the power 8
6 10 to the power 9
7 10 to the power 11
8 10 to the power 12
8
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INTENSITY: It describes the degree of
by the earthquake.
Appropriate for earthquake about 1300 km
Moment magnitude(Mw):
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INTENSITY VS MAGNITUDE
earthquake recording.
SRENGTH: It describes the amount of energy
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TYPES OF THE SEIMIC WAVES
body.
15
b) S-wave: Slower wave, can pass through solid
rock.
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P wave vs. S wave
P wave S wave
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2) Surface wave: Travelling through the crust,
lower frequency than body wave.
A.E.H LOVE
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b) Rayleigh wave: Named after Lord Rayleigh,
rolling motion
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20
Rayleigh wave vs. love wave
Rayleigh wave Love wave
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Seiches: Small Tsunami like. It is the waves
23
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE
Caused by sudden slip along the geologic faults.
Elastic rebound theory(Tectonic cause)
Proposed by American seismologist Harry
Fielding Reid .
Explain how energy is spread during
earthquake.
Sudden fault slip due to plate tectonic
movement.
States that rocks under strain suddenly break,
creating the fracture along the fault. Thus fault
slips causing the vibration on the crustal rocks
and releasing seismic
Harry waves.
Fielding
Reid
Describes mechanism of earthquake. 24
Elastic rebound theory
25
Non tectonic activities
Working of heavy machinery in
industries.
Blasting.
Collapsing of mines.
26
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
Fire
China 29
Landslide
Nepal 30
Volcanic eruption
31
GLOF
32
Other Secondary Effects
Diseases/Pestilences
water
Lack of food/Famine
Economic loss
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CONTROL MEASURES
Public awareness about earthquake.
34
STRENGTH OF EARTHQUAKE IN
NEPAL
Earthquake magnitude Recurrence interval
(years)
5-6 2
6-7 5
7-7.5 8
7.5-8 40
>8 81
35
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTIONS
Seismic gap identification
Foreshocks
Animal behavior
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Recurrence interval: Stress uniform so
earthquake at regular interval of time.
Earthquake history of Nepal above 6 or nearly
7 magnitude
Years are 1954, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1980,
Earthquake Recurrence
1988
magnitude interval
Mean of difference of yrs.=X (years)
X= (1962-1954)+(1965-1962)+(1966-1965)+(1980-
1966)+(1988-1980) 5-6 2
6-7 5 5
Thus X= 6.8 nearly 7 yrs
7-7.5 8
S.D.=2.02 nearly 2 yrs 7.5-8 40
Hence, Predicted year=(1988+7)
>8 2 yrs 81
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LOCATION OF THE EPICENTER
Method 1 : Plotting of isoseismal
lines
38
39
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Method 2: Determining
Epicentral distance
Vs .V p
d (t s t p )
V p Vs
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EARTHQUAKE CYCLE
PHASE A) INTERSEISMIC
PHASE B) PRESEISMIC
PHASE C) COSEISMIC
PHASE D) POSTSEISMIC
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EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAPPING
What is earthquake hazard map?
Map showing distribution of earthquake
shaking levels at different area.
Why it is prepared?
Prepared to provide detail information
possible to assist engineers in designing
structures and to update building codes.
How it is prepared?
It is prepared with the help of latest
technology such as GIS, remote sensing and
photogrammetry.
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ANY QUESTIONS?
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THANKS FOR LISTENING
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