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Sem 2/ 2010-2011
Prepared by;
Miss Mismisuraya Meor Ahmad
School of Bioprocess Engineering
University Malaysia Perlis
17 February 2011
Forced
Convection
Outlines
To examine the methods of calculating convection heat
transfer (particularly, the ways of predicting the value of
convection heat transfer coefficient, h)
Turbulence flow
d = Tube diameter
Re. no. (Tube)
Other Form:
An ideal gas
Gas
Where:
Air
2) State the Process
Example: Reversible Adiabatic Flow through a nozzle
So that
Example 5.3: Mass Flow & Boundary-Layer
Thickness
Air at 27 C and 1 atm flows over a flat
plate at a speed of 2 m/s. Calculate the
boundary-layer thickness at distances of
20 cm and 40 cm from the leading edge
of the plate. Calculate the mass flow that
enters the boundary layer between x=20
cm and x= 40 cm. The viscosity of air at
27 C is 1.85 x 10-5 kg/ m . s. Assume unit
depth in the z direction.
The Thermal Boundary layer
Exist when temperature gradient are present in the flow.
Basic: convection/conduction
Case 2
For the plate heated
starts at
or
Where:
The Thermal Boundary layer
Constant Heat Flux
To find the distribution of the plate surface temp.
and
So that
3) Rex at x=xL
Then
Rex Pr > 100
Heat flow, q
5) Heat transfer coefficient, h
7) Heat Flow,
Heat flux, qw
Example 5.4: Isothermal Flat Plate
Heated Over Entire Length
Air at 27 C and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at a
speed of 2 m/s. Calculate the boundary-layer
thickness at distances of 20 cm and 40 cm from the
leading edge of the plate. Calculate the mass flow
that enters the boundary layer between x=20 cm
and x= 40 cm. The viscosity of air at 27 C is 1.85
x 10-5 kg/ m . s. Assume unit depth in the z direction
and the plate is heated over its entire length to a
temp. of 60 C. Calculate the heat transferred in
(a)The first 20 cm of the plate and
(b)The first 40 cm of the plate.
Example 5.5: Flat Plate with Constant
Heat Flux
A 1.0 KW heater is constructed of a glass
plate with an electrically conducting film that
produces a constant heat flux. The plate is
60 cm by 60 cm and placed in an airstream
at 27 C, 1 atm with u = 5 m/s. Calculate
(a)The average temp. different along the plate
and
(b)The temperature difference at the trailing
edge.
Example 5.6: Plate with Unheated
Starting Length
A 1.0 KW heater is constructed of a glass
plate with an electrically conducting film that
produces a constant heat flux. The plate is
60 cm by 60 cm and placed in an airstream
at 27 C, 1 atm with u = 5 m/s. Calculate
(a)The average temp. different along the plate
and
(b)The temperature difference at the trailing
edge.
Example 5.7: Oil Flow Over Heated Flat
Plate
Engine oil at 20 C is forced over a 20-
cm-square plate at a velocity of 1.2 m/s.
The plate is heated to a uniform temp. of
60 C. Calculate the heat lost by the
plate.
The relation between fluid
friction & heat transfer
The shear stress at the wall be
expressed in term of a friction
coefficient, Cf
Turbulent Region
Where:
Turbulent-boundary-layer
thickness ( )
The boundary layer thickness measured when 500000>Re<10000000
1)5-15
2)5-17
3)5-26
4)5-29
5)5-40
Heat Transfer in Laminar
Tube Flow
Consider the tube flow system
For most tube flow heat transfer problem, the topic is the total
energy transferred to the fluid .
At any x position, the temp. that is indicative of the total energy of the flow
is an integrated mass energy average temp. over the entire flow area.
The bulk temp. is representative of the total energy of the flow
at the particular location
The Bulk Temperature
From the analysis, the analytical solution give;
Used if
Where: Peclet number (Pe)
Heat Transfer in Laminar
Tube Flow
For rough tubes (relation fluid friction and heat transfer),
expressed in term of the Stanton Number:
Where;
Heat Transfer in Laminar
Tube Flow
To calculated local and average Nusselt No. for laminar
entrance regions for the case of a fully developed
velocity profile used Graph with inverse Graetz
number
Local & average Nusselt No. for circular tube thermal
entrance regions in fully developed laminar flow
Turbulent Flow in a Tube
Velocity profile for turbulent flow in a tube
Pr 1.0
or Relation for turbulent heat
transfer in smooth tube
If wide temp. different are present in the flow also change in the fluid properties
between the wall of the tube & the central flow used
or
The relation for calculation heat transfer to liquid metal in tubes with
constant wall temp.:
Liquid Metal Heat Transfer
The relation for calculation of h in fully developed turbulent flow of
liquid metal in smooth tubes with constant heat flux condition:
for:
Assignment 6
(submit: 01 March 2011)
1)6-2
2)6-3
3)6-9
4)6-13
5)6-31