WCDMA

SYSTEM OVERVIEW
By- Vineet Kumar
The Infocom Industry

mobility
Telecom
Industry

Internet
PC-LAN
PC Infocom
desk top computing Industry

Computer Industry
main frames

electronic
publishing and
Media Industry entertainment
 3GPP Network Reference
Model
UE AN CN External
Networks
MSC SCF
MSC SCF

E,
G GMSC
BSS GMSC

SIM MT Um Abis A
SIM MT BTS
BSC MSC
MSC SMS-SC
D H
HLR AUC
Iu HLR AUC ISDN
F PSTN
SMS- PSPDN
SMS-
EIR
EIR GMSC CSPDN
Gr GMSC
PDN:
RNS Gb -Intranet
SMS-
USIM Cu ME Uu Iub Gf SMS-
USIM ME BS RNC IWMSC -Extranet
IWMSC
-Internet
Iu SGSN Gn+
SGSN GGSN
Iur GGSN
Gd,
RNS Gp,
Cu ME Uu Iub Gn+
USIM
USIM ME BS
RNC
SGSN
SGSN Note:
Not all interfaces
UTRAN are shown and named
 Ericsson Network overview

Abis Gb
BTS BSC

GSM BSS Gs
SGSN G
A Gn/Gom

GMSC Gr Gf IP
Other Network
PLMN MSC/VLR
AUC
AUC
E C H
Gi
F to
C
Fixed MSC/VLR HLR M SC GGSN
HLR EIR
Network EIR
C FNR
FNR
Iu Gr Gf
Gp
Iu
WCDMA MSC Server Backbone
MGW
Gs Gn/Gom Other
Systems SGSN W Network
RAN PLMN
Backbone Network IP
Iu
ATM

Signaling
Iub Iu
BS RNC MGW Signaling and Traffic

WCDMA Systems RAN

 Radio Network overview
Network Management
system
CN/other
Core Network management appl.
Radio Access Network
RANOS TEMS
Radio Network
Controller Radio
Test
Access
Mobile
Network
Radio Base Operation System
Station Support

Mobile terminals
Core Network Overview
Ericsson Ericsson
HLR/ Multi
Multi
FNR/AUC
Activation Mediation

BSC

MSC GMSC
Server Server
IP or ATM
Backbone PSTN
ISDN
PLMN
R
C-MGw C-MGw
IP

R
R
IP
I
P

SGSN G
GGSN Internet,
RNC Intranet
SGSN W

SDH
Network USER DATA

CONTROL
 What does a MGW do?
Handles payload,
processing traffic and
signaling interworking
between networks

Network 1 MGW Network 2

Payload Format 1 Payload Format 2

Transport Type 1 Transport Type 2
Signaling 1 Signaling 2
 Connectivity Packet Platform
MediaGateway
(C-MGW)
Inter-working between different transport technologies (TDM, ATM and
IP bearer).
Media Stream handling (Speech Coder, Echo Canceller, Multi-Party
call, Tone Sender, DTMF sender/receiver, Interactive Messaging,
Code Answer and Tone Sender (CAT), Continuity Check)
Adapting the circuit-switched data services in WCDMA and GSM.
Signaling bearer conversion at the network edges in order to allow
unified signaling bearers to be used within the core network.
Supporting Radio Access Network interfaces.
Routing and switching.
Element Management.
 Serving GPRS Support Node
(SGSN)
Session and mobility management (paging, attach, detach, Packet
Data Protocol (PDP) context handling, intra- and inter-SGSN routing
area update).
Payload Handling
Security includes features such as user and network authentication
and data confidentiality through ciphering.
CDR based charging includes functions for collecting charging
information from various sources within the SGSN
CAMEL based charging provides a real-time charging mechanism
Configuration management functions that support definition and
handling of logical relations with other network elements
SMS over GPRS
Support for SS7 signaling.
 Gateway GPRS Support Node
(GGSN)
Tunnel management
IP-address management
Charging data collection/output
Security management
Packet filtering
Packet routing / forwarding
QOS management
Element management
 MSC Server
Circuit based connection management i.e. traffic control,
roaming, call routing and handover.
Media Gateway Control
Mobility Management
Authentication
Charging data collection/output
Supporting a comprehensive set of Supplementary
Services that complement and modify the Tele-services
and Bearer Services.
IN and CAMEL Services
Security and Fraud
 WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
High data rates in 5 MHz
384 kbps with wide-area coverage
2 Mbps with local coverage

High service flexibility

support for services with variable rate
support for simultaneous services
support of multiple parallel variable-rate services on one connection
packet and circuit switched services

Fast and efficient packet access

Higher capacity
 Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA)
NMT
Orthogonal in frequency within cell
Narrow bandwidth per carrier AMPS
Continuous transmission and reception
TACS
No synchronization in time

t MS1 MS 2 MS 3

Power

f
Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA)
Orthogonal in time within cell GSM
Increased bandwidth per carrier PDC
Discontinuous transmission and reception
Synchronization in time
D-AMPS

Power
MS 1
MS 2
MS 3
f
200 kHz
Direct Sequence - Code Division
Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)
Separate users through different codes
IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
Large bandwidth
CDMA2000 (3.75 Hz)
Continuous transmission and reception
WCDMA (5 MHz)
t
MS 1
MS 2
Code MS 3

f
5 MHz
WCDMA Concepts and Functions
 Direct Sequence Spread
d(t)
Spectrum Signals
Information signal
TS
t

c(t) TC

Spreading signal
t

d(t)c(t)

Transmission signal
t
 Bits and Chips
1 Bit
0 1 0
+1
Bipolar
data Bits/s
sequence -1

+1
Chips/s
Code
(1 -1 1 -1) -1

+1

Signal Chips/s
-1

Chip
 Bit-rate Flexibility
WCDMA variability principle:

Spreading factor
Power is the common
shared physical resource

Power level
Bit rate

Varying Translates into Varying power level

user bit rate Varying spreading factor
 Service Flexibility
Multiple Parallel Services
For a single user, multiple services with different variability can be mixed
easily on a single physical resource

Power level
Bit
rate

Bit
rate
Channelization Codes
(CC)

CC1 & CC2 CC3,CC4 & CC5

In the Downlink Orthogonal Codes are used to distinguish between

data channels from the same Base Station

CC1,CC2,CC3 CC1 & CC2

In the Uplink Orthogonal Codes are used to distinguish between data

channels from the same mobile
 Code-tree of OVSF codes
C4.1 = {1 1 1 1}
C2.1 = {1 1}
C4.2 = {1 1 -1 -1}
C1 = {1}
C4.3 = {1 -1 1 -1}
OVSF

C2.2 = {1 -1} C4.4 = {1 -1 -1 1}

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Channelization codes of different length, depending on the bit
rate
Ensures orthogonality even with different rates and spreading
factors
 Code Correlation using
Channelization Codes
(a) Same Channelization Code; (b) Different Channelization codes; (c) Same code with non-zero time offset

(a) (b) (c)

Input Data +1 +1 +1
x x x
Orthogonal code
in Transmitter -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 Transmitter

Transmitted
= = =
-1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1
Sequence

x x x
Orthogonal Code
-1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1
used in Receiver
= = =
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1+1 -1+1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 Receiver

Integrate Integrate Integrate

Integrate
Result 8 0 -4

Divide by
Code Length +1 0 -0.5
Scrambling and Channelization Codes

2 Data channels 1 Data channel

SC1 + CC1 + CC2 SC1 + CC3

2 Data channels
SC3 + CC1 + CC2 2 Data channels

User 1 BS1 SC4 + CC1 + CC2

User 2

3 Data channels 3 Data channels

SC5+CC1+CC2+CC3 SC6+CC1+CC2+CC3
User 3 BS2 User 4
WCDMA Transport Channels
Common Channels

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel (DL)

FACH Forward Access Channel (DL)

PCH Paging Channel (DL)

RACH Random Access Channel (UL)

Dedicated Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL & UL)

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL & DL)

 Why Power Control?

Without power control With power control

Tx Power
Tx Power

Rx Power Rx Power Parameters:

Update Rate
Loop Delay
Stepsize
 Uplink Power Control

Closed loop
Power Control:
UP/DOWN command

Open loop:
Random Access Initial setting
PMS
Downlink Power Control

Open loop:
Initial setting
PBS

Closed loop
Power Control:
UP/DOWN
Command
 Multipath fading
Multipath Propagation

Time Dispersion
2
3
0
1
0 1 2 3
 The RAKE Receiver
Channel Buffer/delay
Correlators
C
Finger #1
O
M
Finger #2 Sum of individual
B multipath components

Finger #3 I
N

Finger #N E
R Power measurements
of neighboring BS
Searcher
Finger
 Handover scenarios
Intra-frequency handover
within same carrier Inter-frequency
Soft handover between different
BSs
handover
Softer handover between sector between two
at same BS carriers
hard handover
 Soft Handover
BS1 BS2
Uplink Power Control in Soft Handover
BS1 BS2
PMS

UP/DOWN UP/DOWN
Command Command

Down + Down
Decrease power
Down + Up
Up + Up Increase power
Uplink Power Control in Soft Handover
BS1 BS2
PMS

UP/DOWN UP/DOWN
Command Command

Outer loop:
FER/BER
Down + Down
Decrease power
Down + Up Ul Eb/No target QoS target

Up + Up Increase power
Adjust target
Downlink Power Control in Soft Handoff

BS1 BS2
Closed loop Power Control:
UP/DOWN

UP/DOWN UP/DOWN
Command Command
 Inter-frequency Handover

HCS-scenario Hot-spot scenario

Handover f1 f2 always Handover f1 f2 needed

needed between layers sometimes at Hot Spot
Inter-frequency measurements needed in both
scenarios
ETSI WCDMA has a slotted mode for inter-frequency
measurements, thereby supporting the scenarios
above
THANKS