HEAT

Heat is a form of energy

Heat has the ability to do work or move something.
Heat can change into other forms of energy and
viceversa:
- Heat can be converted into light and sound. Example:
volcano.

- Kinetic energy turns into heat energy when you rub

your hands together.
- Heat can be changed into kinetic energy and
Heat is a form of energy
Heat is measured in the unit of energy: the joule
(symbol J)
Expansion and Contraction

One common effect of heat is that it causes substances

to expand. The opposite happens when objects lose
heat: they contract.
Disadvantages of expansion and
contraction
Long lengths of railway track need tapered joints to
allow for expansion in hot weather.
Large slabs of concrete can buckle in the heat if not
given room to expand.
A 700 m bridge can be 25 cm longer in summer than in
winter.
Advantages of expansion and
contraction
Thermometers work on the basis that liquids expand
when heated, and contract when cooled.

Bimetallic strips are used to trigger alarms or switch

off heating. They are made from two metals joined
together. With heat, one metal expands faster than the
other. This causes the strips to bend and complete or
break a circuit.

Expansion is used to great effect in the car engine and

in rockets.
Experiment: show that a solid expands when heated and
contracts when cooled

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89s45i_xAwI
- The ball expanded when heated and contracted when
cooled.
Experiment: show that a liquid expands when heated and
contracts when cooled

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISV2L_LQzYc
- Liquids expand when heated and contract when cooled.
Experiment: show that a gas expands when heated and contracts
when cooled

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oq6E8UIUJy0
- Gases (air) expand when heated and contract when
cooled.
Water breaks its contract!
Exception!
Water does contract on cooling, but only until it reaches 4C.
Here it stops contracting and begin to expand again as it cools
further.
This is one reason why wter is not used as a liquid in
thermometers.

Water expands on freezing.

If you fill a soft drink bottle to the very top with wter and put it
in the freezer for a couple of days: the frozen wter expands
and shatters the bottle
Disadvantage and advantage of water
expanding at low temperatures
In cold weather, exposed water pipes often burst. This
is because the water, which was filling the pipe, freezes.
It then takes up more space and causes the pipe to
burst.

One advantage of this peculiar behavior of water is

that fish can survive in lakes in very cold weather.
Water is at its most dense at 4C. Being dense, this
warm water sinks to the bottom. Colder water
is less dense and floats to the top.
Questions
- Give one example of heat energy changing to any other
form of energy.
- Why must roads that are made of large concrete slabs
have gaps put between these slabs?
- What apparatus can be used to show that solid expands
when heated and contracts when cooled?
- Heat is a form of .. It can do work and change into
other forms of ..
- When water is cooled below .. C, it starts to expand.
This explains why ice is less .. than water. It is also
one of the reasons why water is not used as a liquid in a
..