S01M01 - 2G Radio-Principles - Ed03

11
Do not delete this graphic elements in here:
Section 1
BSS B11
Module 1
Radio Principles
3JK12262AAAAWBZZA Issue 1.0
GSM B11
BSS B11 GSM & E-GPRS Radio Principles
TMO18365 D0 SG DEN Issue 1.1
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2011

Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, youshould be able to:
Describe the BSS & NSS protocols and equipments from an radio engineer
1 day standpoint
Link the physical channels and their logical channels
List all radio measurements in GSM and in E-GPRS
1 day
Identify all elements in a BTS that affect s coverage and capacity
Explain how to perform a simple link budget
Explain why DTX, Frequency Hopping and Antenna Diversity improves the
1 day
radio quality
Describe the ALU toolchain in the O&M network
113 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2011

BSS B11 Radio Principles
GSM B11 BSS B11 GSM & E-GPRS Radio Principles
1 GERAN Architecture

Overview
Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) infrastructure is divided into a Core

Network (CN) and an Access Network (AN)
ACCESS NETWORK CORE NETWORK

"BSS" TC "CN"
MSC
PSTN
BTS
VLR
BSC
HLR
UE BTS
PDN
MFS
SGSN GGSN
BTS

Overview [cont.]
GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) includes BSS, RF interface and O&M
elements
"GERAN"
TC MSC
PSTN
BTS
VLR
BSC
HLR
UE BTS
PDN
MFS
SGSN GGSN
BTS

Overview [cont.]
Core Networks (CN) is constituted of a Circuit Switched (CS) domain and a

Packet Switched (PS) domain
CN-CS
TC MSC
PSTN
BTS
VLR
BSC
HLR
UE BTS
CN-PS
PDN
MFS
SGSN GGSN
BTS
1 1 10 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2011

GERAN Entities : MS
Mobile Station (MS) comprises of a Mobile Equipment (ME) and a

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
MS
SIM ME Phone specific
TE Applications
SIM-ME
i/f R
IMSI: ID of the SIM Layer-3 Specified by 3GPP.

Layer-2 Functions related
MS-ISDN: Phone Number MT to Tx & Rx on the
IMEI: ID of the ME Layer-1 radio interface

GERAN Entities : BTS
Base Station (BTS) is in charge of

Radio Transmission & Reception
Control of the Radiolink (radio drops detection, timing advance)
Baseband Functions (coding, interleaving, encryption)
Transcoded
RF
Channel
speech from TC
Transmissio Encryption Interleaving
Encoding
n
Duplexing
RF De- Channel
Decryption
Reception interleaving Decoding
Transcoded
speech to TC
RF telecoms Baseband

GERAN Entities : BTS [cont.]
The BTS is only the cabinet, in which various boards are located:
Antenna
TMA (opt.)
ANC TRX SUM
feeder Abis
(jumper)
E1
Tower or
(or pole) Ethernet
B11 MR3
BTS

GERAN Entities : BSC
Base Station Controller (BSC) performs the following:

Switches circuit traffic between BTS and MSC
Routes packet traffic between BTS and MFS
Manages radio resources and radio signalling
Performs fault management and performance management
ATCA Shelf
TPGSM, CCP, Swtich, OMCP
AterMux
interfaces
Abis Ater-PS
interfaces interfaces
LIU Shelf
LIU, MUX nE1oE1
BSC

GERAN Entities : TC
TransCoder (TC) does the following:

Mux/DeMux speech frames
Transcode speech between radio codecs and G.703 64kb/s codec
Tandem Free Operation
Discontinuous Transmission (DL voice detection, UL comfort noise insertion)
E1 MT120
E1
AterMux A interfaces
interfaces
and/or or
AterMux A interfaces
interfaces STM1
Ethernet
or TCIF STM1 / IP
STM1
TC

GERAN Entities : MFS
Multi Fast-packet Server (MFS) does the following:

Reassemble RLC blocks into LLC frames (and vice-versa)
Manages radio resources & radio signalling for PS communications
Performs performance management
ATCA Shelf
GP, Switch, OMCP
Ater-PS Gb interfaces
interfaces
LIU Shelf:
LIU, MUX nE1oE1
MFS

Basic Interfaces
Main Interfaces are listed below.
Um
TC MSC
A A PSTN
BTS B
Abis
AterMux VLR
C
BSC
D
Gs
HLR
BTS
Ater-PS
Gr
MS Gb Gn Gi PDN
BTS MFS SGSN GGSN

Abis Configurations
In case of TDM (E1) interfaces BTS

Star Configuration:
BSC
BTS
Abis
BTS
BSC
BTS BTS
BTS
Abis
Multi-drop Configuration
BTS
BSC
Abis
Loop Configuration

2 Protocols

2 Protocols
Protocols in GSM
CN-CS CN-PS
CN protocols (MM, GMM, CC, SM, LLC)

Signalling between MS and Core
Network.
TC Radio protocols (RR, GRR, RLC/MAC)
BSS Data processing & signalling between
MS and BSS.
BSC MFS BSS protocols (BSGCP, BTSMAP, )
R Internal protocols between BSS
A entities to exchange data and
D information.
I
O
BTS
CN

2 Protocols
Signalling Protocols in GSM
SS SS
CC CC
Relays
MM MM
Relays
DTAP DTAP
BSSMAP BSSMAP
RR
RR SCCP Relays SCCP
RR' BTSMAP BTSMAP MTP3 MTP3
LapDm LapDm LapD LapD MTP2 MTP2
Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1
MS BTS BSC TC MSC

2 Protocols
Signalling Protocols in NSS
In the NSS, signalling is using SS7

1. Message Transfer Part (MTP)
Three layers dedicated to signaling
Datagram transfers
Implemented in MSC, VLR an HLR
2. Mobile Application Part (MAP)
Specific signaling protocol above MTP for mobility
3. Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
Worldwide interconnection protocol for signaling
4. ISDN User Part (ISUP)
Call management

2 Protocols
Traffic Protocols in GSM
TFO inband
signalling
ISDN Voice
GSM Voice GSM Voice TRAU frame TRAU frame
FEC / Cipher FEC / Cipher E1 / STM1 E1 / STM1 E1 / STM1 E1 / STM1

TDMA / FDMA TDMA / FDMA
MS BTS TC MSC

2 Protocols
Telecom Traffic (TDM mode)
Abis Atermux A
Cic
Com
pres Cic
TCH sed
MS GCH
BTS
TC
BSC
At
er
G
P
C
Gb
S
H
Bearer Channel
MFS

2 Protocols
Telecom Signalling (TDM mode)
Abis Atermux A
RSL N7 N7
BSSMAP
DTAP
MS BTS
TC
BSC
At
er
Gb
PS
GSL
BS
Bearer Channel
GC
P
MFS

2 Protocols
O&M (TDM mode)
Abis Atermux A
Q
mux
OML
MS BTS
TC
BSC
Gb
IP
MFS
OMC-R

2 Protocols
Telecom Traffic (IP)
AterMux A
Abis
IP IP backbone IP
TCH
TCH
Cic
ne
ne w
w
BTS ne
w
IP TC
GCH
Telecom Traffic does not cross
ne any more the BSC
w
IP
GCH
Gb Bearer Channel
BSC
MFS

2 Protocols
Telecom Signalling (IP)
Ater A
Abis
IP_BSSAsigoIP IP TDM N7
RSL IP backbone
ne
w
DTAP
AP
SM
(M2UA)
BS
BTS
MS
ne
w TC
BSCGP
IP
GSL
Gb
BSC
MFS
IP over Ethernet links TDM on E1 links

2 Protocols
O&M (IP)
Atermux A
Abis
TCSL
OML IP backbone
ne
w
BTS
TC
Gb
BSC
MFS
OMC-R
IP over Ethernet links TDM on E1 links

2 Protocols
Exercise
Write down the interface and entity names
PSTN
B
C
D
Gr
PDN

3 GSM Layers

3 GSM Layers
Links between MS and PSTN
MS BSS CN PSTN
Telecommunication Service
Call Control (CC) & Mobility Management (MM) SS7
Radio Resource (RR)

Mng connection SCCP connection
Logical channels
Physical channels

3 GSM Layers
Links between MS and PDN
MS BSS CN PDN
Telecommunication Service
Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context IP
Logical Link Control (LLC) GTP
Radio Resource (RR) BSCGP

Mng connection
Logical channels
Physical channels

3 GSM Layers
Layers Description
GSM layers follow the OSI model
Call Control
High-level information
between MS and the Layer 3 Radio Resource Management
Network
Mobility Management
Mapping of L-3 messages Data Link Layer LapDm (UI) LapDm (I) RLC/MAC
onto the physical layer
Transmission of bit Logical Channels (BCCH, PDCH, TCH, )

streams on the physical Physical Layer
medium Physical Channels (Timeslots)

4 Physical Channels
Call Control
Layer 3 Radio Resource Management
Mobility Management
Data Link Layer LapDm (UI) LapDm (I) RLC/MAC
Logical Channels (BCCH, PDCH, TCH, )

Physical Layer
Physical Channels (Timeslots)

4 Physical Channels
GSM Spectrum
The MS and the BTS are not communicating in the same band
Both can transmit at the same time, the DL & UL data will not interfere
9 3 5 9 60 MHz
w nli nk " P-GSM"
Do
0 91 5 MHz
li nk " P -GSM" 89
Up

4 Physical Channels
GSM Spectrum [cont.]
Each band is divided into channels separated by 200kHz

Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) is used to know the
UL and DL frequencies
906.4 951.4
890 915 935 960 MHz

Frequency Duplex = 45MHz
Freq Band UL Range [MHz] UL Frequency DL Range DL Frequency ARFCN
P-GSM 890 915 890 + 0.2*n 935 960 UL + 45MHz 1 - 124
G1 880 - 890 890 + 0.2*(n -1024) 925 - 935 UL + 45MHz 0 & 975 1023
DCS1800 1710 - 1785 1710.2 + 0.2*(n - 512) 1805 - 1880 UL + 95MHz 512 - 885
What is the ARFCN of the pair UL = 906.4MHz and DL = 951.4MHz ? ARFCN = 82

4 Physical Channels
GSM Spectrum [cont.]
P-GSM UL DL G1 UL DL DCS
1800 UL DL
1 890.2 935.2 0 890.0 935.0
512 1710.2 1805.2
2 890.4 935.4 975 880.2 925.2
513 1710.4 1805.4
3 890.6 935.6 976 880.4 925.4
514 1710.6 1805.6
977 880.6 925.6

122 914.4 959.4
883 1784.4 1879.4
123 914.6 959.6 1021 889.4 934.4
884 1784.6 1879.6
124 914.8 959.8 1022 889.6 934.6
885 1784.8 1879.8
1023 889.8 934.8
Mapping of the Extended GSM band
975 976 977 1021 1022 1023 0 1 2 3 122 123 124
G1 P-GSM
E-GSM

4 Physical Channels
GMSK Modulation
GSM uses the GMSK modulation (Gaussian Minimum Shift Key) for the
radio transmissions between MS and BTS. Caracteristics are :
Bit rate of 271 kbit/s
3 bits per symbol
Transmission data
0 0 1 0 1 1 0
s1 s2 s3
Basically, a symbol value matches a phase modulation of the carrier

frequency
Each symbol is structured using :
The 2 last bits of the previous symbol
The latest bit to be transmitted
=> Provides redundancy to reduce bit error rate

4 Physical Channels
Transmission constraints
The microwave propagation are disturbed by :

Attenuation : the longer the distance between MS and BTS, the weaker the
signal levels
Mask effect : additional attenuation due presence of obstacles (building,

cars, ) between MS and BTS
Fading : the propagation channel for given frequency may result in distortion,
attenuation or even elimination of the signal. This is due to combination of
the diffraction, absorption and reverberation of the microwave within the
propagation environment
The radio link between MS and BTS is very weak

4 Physical Channels
TDMA frame
To increase the radio resources sharing each frequency used is divided

into 8 timeslots
Each user can send and receive data on its own timeslot(s)
One timeslot duration is 0,577 ms
TS0
TS1
TS2
frequency 1

4 Physical Channels
TDMA frame [cont.]
8 consecutive timeslots define a TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

frame
One timeslot is fully defined by :
a frequency
its position in the TDMA frame
A TDMA frame duration is 4,615 ms
frequency
TDMA frame
4.615ms
timeslot "1"
0.577ms
f1
f2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
f3
f4
time
4 Physical Channels
Burst
Digitaldata between MS and BTS are transmitted through bits

sequences called bursts
Timeslots are used to carry the bursts (one burst per timeslot)
Guard periods are used to avoid transmission override
1 normal burst = 148 bits
01010010100101001001001110110101010
(guard period) (guard period)
timeslot = 0.577ms = 156.25 bit-periods

4 Physical Channels
Duplex Operation
The timeslot is a simplex physical channel, but GSM provides a duplex

operation.
The downlink timeslot is paired with its uplink timeslot
They both use the same TS id (index in the TDMA frame, from 0 to 7)
During a voice call, the MS uses the DL TS to receive the speech, and the "paired" UL TS
to transmit the voice.
Fill the diagram :
ARFCN = 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DL Freq = 935.4MHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ARFCN = 2
Notice that a MS is not
UL Freq = 890.4MHz able to Rx and Tx at the
same time, so

4 Physical Channels
Duplex Operation [cont.]
As a MS is not able to perform Tx and Rx at the same time, the UL TS must de

delayed fom its corresponding DL TS
The standard time offset between UL and DL Time Slots is 3 TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2
= 3TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4 Physical Channels
Delay Compensation (Timing Advance)
Both MS and BTS must synchronize:

when the MS sends a burst, it must fall within the correct timeslot interval, from the
BTS perspective
at start, the MS is blindly synchronized on what it is receiving
then the BTS corrects it
Propagation delay
unknown by MS 0
(= TA) beacon
0
ideal
= 3TS
initial message
TA 0
0
0
too late !
A}
dedicated message {T 0
0 ideal
= 3TS
0
0 next messages
TA
0
0

4 Physical Channels
Mapping With Equipment (No Hopping)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
1 TRE 1 TRX = 8 timeslots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
1 "twin" 1 TRX = 8 timeslots

TRE 1 TRX = 8 timeslots

4 Physical Channels
Mapping With Equipment (Hopping)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
1 TRE 1 TRX = 8 timeslots
Frequency is usually not changing every timeslot.

Hopping will be detailed in another chapter.

4 Physical Channels
Timeslot Throughput
Compute the throughput of one timeslot :
Bits per burst 114 bits
Interval between two bursts 4.615ms
Timeslot throughput (bit/ms) 24.7 b/ms
Timeslot throughput (kbit/s) 24.7kb/s

5 Data Link Layer
Call Control
Mobility Management

Physical Layer

5 Data Link Layer
LapDm, "m" as Modified
The purpose of LAPDm is to convey a layer-3 information between MS and the

rest of the network using a signalling channel.
SAPI (Service Access Point Identifier) are used to distinguish concurrent
utilisation of the layer-1 resources by the layer-3 entities.
Layer 3 Entity Layer 3 Entity
Service Access Point

Connection Endpoint
Datalink Layer Datalink Layer

Entity Datalink relationship Entity
Physical Physical
Channel Channel

5 Data Link Layer
SAPI0 and SAPI3
MM, CC, RR SMS & SS
= I = acknowledged

5 Data Link Layer
Frame Format
LapDm frame allows acknowledgment and identifying the SAPI
SAPI
Address field 1
Control field 2
3 types of frames: Length indicator field 3
numbered information (I format) (ack) 4
supervisory functions (S format) Information field
unnumbered information (U format)
From layer-3 entity

N
Fill bits N201+3

5 Data Link Layer
Failure
In case of physical link failure, LapDm detects the fault:

Each I-frame should be ack
Ack is awaited T200 seconds, then retransmission occurs.
After I-frame is sent N200+1 times without ack, LapDm resets the connection
Typically, for a TCH/FR, a LapDm failure is detected after how long?
(N200_TTF+1)*T200_ST = (34+1)*0.9 = 31.5 seconds

5 Data Link Layer
Channel Establishment
LapDm allows for establishment contention resolution procedure:

After a channel request, the MS sends an information in a "SABM" frame on
the LapDm of the new channel.
The BTS echoes back in a "UA" frame.
MS BTS
SDCCH Assigment Command
(SDCCH)
SABM
(LapDm of new ts)
UA
(LapDm of new ts)
Assigment Complete
TCH (TCH/FACCH)

6 Logical Channels
Call Control
Mobility Management

Physical Layer

6 Logical Channels
Overview
The radio interface is used to carry voice or data packets

But this interface faces problems that involve transmission errors :
Path loss
Fading
Interferences
The physical channel purpose is to :
share as most as possible the radio resource (frequency assignment, TDMA
frame)
minimize the transmission errors (burst), whatever the type of message is sent
or received
The different type of messages used constitute a set of logical channels
Each logical channel has a defined function :
Encoded voice transport
Signaling
System information broadcast


6 Logical Channels
Overview [cont.]
The traffic channels carry the user information (voice, user data packets)
The control channels must monitor, measure, support the traffic channels
They must also be available when MS is not exchanging traffic (= beacon)
e TRAFFIC
Mod
d
ic ate
d
De CONTROL
e
Mod
le BEACON
Id

6 Logical Channels
Traffic & Control Channels
Traffic : Wide variety of user information streams

Control : All signalling (MS-CN and MS-BSS) Don't worry :
Only few channels are used at the same time !
GSM
Traffic Channels Control Channels
CCCH BCH DCCH

TCH
PCH BCCH SDCCH
AGCH GSM
EGPRS SCH SACCH
Packet Data GSM
Traffic Channels RACH FCCH FACCH
EGPRS
NCH PACCH
PDTCH EGPRS
PTCCH

6 Logical Channels
Mapping to Physical Channels
This important notion will be seen later.

Now, just remember that :
1 logical channel can use up to 1 timeslot only !
Some logical channels use the TS in 1 direction only (UL or DL)
Other logical channels use the TS in both directions simultaneously (UL and DL)

6 Logical Channels
Multi-frame
When a MS is active, it will use a periodically repeated TS to send and receive

messages
It is possible to define a multi-frame as a set of bursts from the same TS :
The 26 TS multi-frame (duration = 120 ms)
The 51 TS multi-frame (duration = 235 ms)
The use of multi-frames will be explained further
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.......
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 26
26 Multi-frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.......
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 51
51 Multi-frame
6 Logical Channels
TCH
Traffic CHannel
Carry a continuous stream of speech frames (Circuit-Switched)
There are only two types of TCH:
TCH/F: Full-Rate TCH (typically 12.2kb/s)
TCH/H: Half-Rate TCH (up to 7.95kb/s with AMR HR)
Once a TCH is allocated to one MS, it is used exclusively by this MS until:
the call is released
the call is dropped
a handover to another timeslot is performed (same or different cell)
1 speech frame = 20ms
1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 8 half-bursts
20ms 20ms

6 Logical Channels
SDCCH
Stand-alone Dedicated Control CHannel

Transmit core network signalling (loc update, imsi detach, auth., etc.)
or SMS !
Therefore, only small throughput required: about 800 bits/s
Refer to chapter 2, slide 20 (signalling protocols in GSM)

What are the core networks protocols carried over SDCCH ?
Mobility Management
Call Control
Supplementary Services

6 Logical Channels
SACCH
Slow Associated Control CHannel

Transmit monitoring and controlling info related to a dedicated channel (TCH or SDCCH)
... along with the dedicated channel (= it is properly scheduled)
One message every 480ms, containing a lot of information
Tx Power
Information
Radio
Measurements
Reports
Tx Power
Timing Order
System Advance
Information
(Cell conf, etc)

6 Logical Channels
FACCH
Fast Associated Control CHannel

Transmit only urgent information to the MS using a TCH:
handover command
some GMM information in special cases *
it cannot be scheduled periodically, therefore the FACCH is stealing TCH capacity.
X X X X
SF Routing Area
Update *
HO CMD
X X X X

6 Logical Channels
PDTCH
Packet Data Transfer CHannel

Carry user data and CN signalling (such as Routing Area Update, PDP Context Activation,
etc)
It is uni-directionnal
The MS can use several PDTCH (= several timeslots)
while 1 PDTCH can be shared by several MS
idle
time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2
= 3TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6 Logical Channels
PACCH
Packet Associated Control CHannel

Carries all BSS signalling (radio meas, ack, throughput adapt)
It is equivalent to the SACCH & FACCH for the TCH.
It is not periodically scheduled, but it doesn't "steal" capacity neither:
FACCH deletes the speech frames, while PACCH only delays the packets.
It is bi-directionnal.
Finally, even if 1 MS has n PDTCH, it will get only and always 1 PACCH (UL + DL).
DL PACCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2
UL PACCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6 Logical Channels
PTCCH
Packet Timing Control CHannel

Ensure that the correct timing advance is maintained for each MS on the timeslot
Located on the same timeslot as the PACCH
The PTCCH is used by several users
For example:
5 MS are using TS4 as their PACCH
On the UL PTCCH, each of them will alternatively send an access burst
On the DL PTCCH, each TA information is sent alternatively
The TAI (TA Index) allows to distinguish MS using the same PTCCH

6 Logical Channels
Burst types
Different types of burst, depending on the logical channel used:
Normal burst
GP for everything
TB SF 26 bit training SF TB
3
57 data bits 1 sequence 1
57 data bits 3
8.25 except
Frequency correction burst

GP used by FCCH
TB TB
3
142 fixed bits (pure sine wave) 3
8.25
Synchronisation burst
TB 64 bit training TB GP used by SCH
3
39 data bits sequence
39 data bits 3 8.25
Access burst
used for UL
TB 41 bit synchronisation TB enlarged GP Channel
8 sequence
36 data bits 3 68.25 bit request and
HO Access
duration of one timeslot (0.577ms)

6 Logical Channels
Burst types [cont.]
Data bits: Coded useful information (voice, data, signalling).

Tail bits: Modulating bits to indicate "start" & "end" of the data (value = 0,0,0).
Stealing flags: indicate if data bits are from a FACCH or a TCH/SACCH (in GSM)
or indicate the coding scheme of the data bits (in GPRS).
Training Sequence Code (TSC): known-sequence of bits, from which the
receiver can apply a delay filter and extract the desired signal from reflections.
WELCxxOME
WELCxxOME
WELCxxOME
WELCxx WELCOME
OME
WELCOME WELCOME
WELCOME
Guard period: Duration during which MS will ramp up or ramp down. Otherwise
2 MS would be emitting at the same time on the same frequency.
(note: it is not used to let the burst "float" within the timeslot)

6 Logical Channels
Summary for CS "Dedicated Mode" w/ TCH
Fill in the pipes with the logical channels

only 2 physical timeslots
DL
TCH
SACCH
CS FACCH
Dedicated Mode
usually
called TCH
UL
TCH
SACCH
FACCH

6 Logical Channels
Summary for CS "Dedicated Mode" w/ SDCCH
Fill in
only 2 physical timeslots
DL
SDCCH
SACCH
CS
Dedicated Mode
usually
called SDCCH
UL
SDCCH
SACCH

6 Logical Channels
Summary for PS "Transfer Mode"
Fill in 2 physical timeslots in UL

2 physical timeslots in DL
PDTCH DL
PACCH PDCH
PTCCH
DL
DL TBF
PS PDTCH PDCH
Transfer Mode
PDTCH UL
PACCH PDCH
PTCCH
UL
UL TBF
PDTCH PDCH

6 Logical Channels
Broadcast Channels
Located on the beacon channel, in downlink, they are decoded by all MS
FrequencyCorrection
Frequency CorrectionCHannel
CHannel(FCCH)
(FCCH)
Every 50ms, a pure sinewave is broadcasted during one burst (148 bits = 0).
MS's use it to fine-tune their internal clock (= frequency generator).
SynchronisationCHannel
Synchronisation CHannel(SCH)
(SCH)
Every 50ms, this channel sends the following data within a burst:
- Training Sequence Code (TSC): for time "fine" synchronisation, so MS's can detect the start & end
of timeslots
- Reduced TDMA Frame Number (RFN): for frame synchronization
- Base Station Identity Code (BSIC): To distinguish between two cells using the same beacon
frequency (the pair "fbeacon" + "BSIC" should be unique in a geographical area). It also indicates what
is the TSC within a normal burst.
Broadcast
BroadcastControl
ControlCHannel
CHannel(BCCH)
(BCCH)
Continuous stream of System Informations that describes itself & its neighbours. Each "System
Information" message contains only few information and is transmitted over 4 bursts.

6 Logical Channels
Common Channels
They are not dedicated, because anyone can "hear" them

But one message refers to one MS only (or few)
What does a MS need:

to be paged
to request for a dedicated channel
to be granted a dedicated channel
Therefore:
Paging CHannel (PCH): to transmit Paging Requests (up to 4 MS can be paged
with one Paging Request)
Random Access CHannel (RACH): to transmit Channel Requests (1 MS can
send a Channel Request randomly)
Access Grant CHannel (AGCH): to transmit Immediate Assigments (1 MS
hopefully receives 1 ImmAss after sending a Channel Request)

6 Logical Channels
Common Channels [cont.]
Each CCCH is uni-directional. Which is the direction of each one ?
PCH
RACH
AGCH
CCCH must be "open". Any MS can use them without prior preparation.
Therefore they are located on the beacon channel. What else is already
located on the beacon channel in downlink ?
the BCCH

6 Logical Channels
Multiframes
Multi-frames are used to multiplex logical channels

26 multi-frame is used in active mode to multiplex TCH and SACCH
51 multi-frame is used in idle mode to :
Multiplex on the downlink : FCCH, SCH, AGCH, PCH and BCCH
Transport random MS access requests : use of RACH
TCH 26-multiframe
both 1x 1x
12 x TCH 12 x TCH
ways SACCH Idle
BCCH 51-multiframe
4x 4x 4x 4x 4x 4x 4x 4x 4x
4x
DL PCH or PCH or PCH or PCH or PCH or PCH or PCH or PCH or PCH or
BCCH
AGCH AGCH AGCH AGCH AGCH AGCH AGCH AGCH AGCH
FCCH and SCH
UL 51 x RACH

6 Logical Channels
Multiframes [cont.]
SDCCH 51-multiframe
8 subchannels per SDCCH timeslot

SACCH is using 4 consecutive bursts, but only once every 2 x 236ms

6 Logical Channels
Multiframes [cont.]
E-GPRS 52 multiframe
user 1 user 2

6 Logical Channels
Multiframes [cont.]
The BCCH can be multiplexed with a SDCCH

It is called the "combined BCCH"
Draw the multiframe : add the missing blocks
Tip : only 3 x CCCH blocks (1 block = 4 bursts)
How many SDCCH subchannels are available in this multiframe ?
Only 4 SDCCH subchannels are available

SACCH periodicity is the same : once every 2 x 236ms

7 Data Coding

7 Data Coding
Speech
Speech
Digitization Channel Burst
Interleaving Encryption Modulation Transmission
and Encoding Formatting
Encoding
EFR Speech frame

244 bits / 20 ms:12.2 kbit/s 22.8 kbit/s/ts 270.8 kbit/s (modul)
Burst
Speech Channel De-
De- Decryption Demod Reception
Decoding Decoding interleaving
formatting

7 Data Coding
Speech [cont.]
into 8 radio bursts

(from 1 TS)

7 Data Coding
Speech [cont.]
Number of bits per

Codec mode
speech frame
The MS and the TC are both coding the
AMR FR - 12.2 speech frame into a block. The size of the
244 block depends on the codec chosen.
(=EFR)
AMR FR - 10.2 204 Main characteristics:
AMR FR - 7.95 159
AMR FR - 7.4 148 EFR/FR/HR: "legacy codecs", the choice is
done at call setup and after each intercell
AMR FR - 6.7 134 HO. UL & DL are using the same codec.
AMR FR - 5.9 118
AMR FR - 5.15 103
AMR: depending on C/I and on traffic load in
AMR FR - 4.75 95 the cell, the codec is adapted every 40ms. UL
& DL are independent.
AMR HR - 7.95 159
AMR HR - 7.4 148
AMR HR - 6.7 134
AMR HR - 5.9 118
AMR HR - 5.15 radio burst 103
AMR HR - 4.75 95
7 Data Coding
E-GPRS Packets
Gb interface:
LLC Packet Data Unit, size up to 1.5Mb
Already ciphered by the SGSN (A5/1 or A5/3 algo)
Frame Frame Check

header
LLC frame data Sequence
Ater-PS & Abis interface:

Radio Blocks (x n)
Air interface:
4 radio bursts / radio block
no interleaving with other blocks

7 Data Coding
Exercise
What is the periodicity of the SACCH multiframe on the TCH?
1 480ms (1 SACCH-block every TCH multiframe (=120ms), and 4 SACCH

blocks / multiframe)
During this time, how many speech frames are transmitted?
In one TCH multiframe, there are 26 bursts: 24 useful, 1 idle, 1

SACCH-block
2 Therefore there are 96 TCH bursts per 480ms (=24 TCH bursts * 4)
96 bursts carry 24 speech frames (96/4).

8 Radio Measurements

Basics
The basic radio link metrics are :

The signal strength (RxLev)
The signal quality (RxQual)
The MS-BS absolute distance (TA)
The received signal level is denoted as RXLEV by 3GPP

Measurement samples in dBm taken within the reporting period of length one
SACCH multiframe (480ms).
RxLev can be measured on any channel, like a scanner would: no decoding is
necessary.
Serving BCCH, TCH, SDCCH, neighbour BCCH, and other frequencies can be
measured by the MS.

RxLev
RxLev is used for active channels as an input parameter by the power control
and handover algorithms.
The received signal level shall be mapped to a RxLev value between 0 and 63:
RXLEV Measurement
(code) (dBm)
Weak 0 < -110 dbm
1 -110 dbm to -109 dbm
2 -109 dbm to -108 dbm
~ ~
61 -46 dbm to -47 dbm
62 -47 dbm to -48 dbm
63 > -48 dbm
Strong

RxLev Thresholds
Due to "noise", good voice quality cannot be achieved at weak RxLev.

Typically, problems appear when the downlink RxLev is lower than:
In urban areas: -83dBm
In rural areas: -90dBm
In open areas: -100dBm
"Noise" is due to interference and fast fading
Note: the values above are very dependent from the network topology! They
are shown only to be used as an example.

RxQual
The signal quality is denoted as RXQUAL by 3GPP

RXQUAL is measured on active channels only (TCH and SDCCH).
The received signal quality is related to an equivalent average Bit Error Rate
(BER) before channel decoding, assessed over the reporting period of one
SACCH multiframe (480ms).
Excellent
Terrible

RxQual vs Voice Quality
The RxQual only shows the quality of the radio link on the air interface.
Thanks to error correction algo, a bad RxQual can be decoded into a speech
frame.
AMR and Frequency Hopping will improve the speech decoding under bad
RxQual.
Deinterleave Frame Voice

DEMOD DECODER Erasure
Error Decoder
Decision
correct.
- ENCODER
Frame Erasure Rate

RXQUAL
FER
Air Inside the mobile station

RxQual vs FER
The correlation is far from being linear

In terms of VQ, a RxQual = 0, 1 or 2 doesn't change anything
Excellent !

Timing Advance
The absolute MS-BS distance is evaluated by the BTS to calculate the TA

command to be applied by the MS for adaptive time alignment purposes
with the BTS
The value is expressed by a number of bit periods on the Radio
interface. The bit rate on the Radio interface is 270.8 kbit/s therefore
a bit period lasts 3.69 *s which corresponds to a distance of 1.1 km.
But due to the roundtrip delay between MS and BS, a bit period
corresponds to a MS-BS distance of (1.1/2) km i.e. around 550 m.
TS4
collision
TS3

Timing Advance [cont.]
The distance MS-BTS is coded as follow:
TA Distance (m)
0 0 to 550
1 550 to 1100
2 1100 to 1650
3 1650 to 2200
4 2200 to 2750
5 2750 to 3300
6 3300 to 3850
7 3850 to 4400

62 34100 to 34650
63 34650 to 35200

Carrier over Interference
Carrier over Interference (C/I) ratio

expressed in dB
ratio between a serving carrier (C) and an interfering carrier (I) received by
the same receiver.
RxLev(I) = -90dBm RxLev(C) = -70dBm
C/I = -70dBm (-90dBm) = +20dB

Carrier over Interference [cont.]
The interferer is supposed to destroy the original signal. In GSM, the

interferer is either using:
the interferer
The same ARFCN (co-channel) does not impact
For BCCH frequencies "C/Ic" > 12dB the FER
For non-BCCH frequencies "C/Ic" > 9dB
An adjacent ARFCN (+1 or -1)

For BCCH frequencies "C/Ia1" > -6dB
For non-BCCH frequencies "C/Ia1" > -9dB
the interferer
impacts the FER
Other frequencies are not destructive.

In this case C/I is noted "C/N" (N as Neighbour) or "overlap".

Carrier over Interference [cont.]
A receiver cannot measure the RxLev of 2 signals (C and I) using the

same frequency.
Therefore the MS estimates the C/I depending the equalizer's output:
C/I estimates are derived by taking C and I measurements burst by burst from
the equaliser algorithm. Intermediate processing results of the equaliser are
estimates of the useful received signal and the received noise or
interference signal. Taking the ratio of the energies of both signals gives a C/I
estimate for the present burst.
H E L L O
H E L L O

C/I Thresholds
For E-GPRS, the thresholds depend on the coding scheme used.

C/Ic
Propagation conditions
Type of The MS is in a Typical Urban
TU3 TU3 TU50 TU50 RA250 environment, at 3km/h (= static).
channel
(no FH) (ideal FH) (no FH) (ideal FH) (no FH)
The current radio conditions show
CS-1 dB 13 9 10 9 9 C/Ic= 15dB. The cell is not hopping,
CS-2 dB 15 13 14 13 13 what is the max MCS that can be
CS-3 dB 16 15 16 15 16 achieved?
CS-4 dB 21 23 24 24 * Now, FH is activated. What is the
MCS- best MCS that can be achieved?
dB 13 9.5 10.5 9.5 10
1
MCS-
dB 15 12 12.5 12 12
2
MCS-
dB 16.5 16.5 17 17 19
w/o hopping, max MCS = 2
3 w/ hopping, max MCS = 5
MCS-
dB 19 21.5 22 22 *
4
MCS-
dB 18 14.5 15.5 14.5 16
5
MCS- C/Ia1 To achieve MCS-6 in Urban
dB 20 17 18 17.5 21
6
Type of Propagation conditions environment for a static MS, which
MCS-
dB TU3
23.5 TU3
23.5 TU50
24 TU50
24.5 RA250
26.5
min. C/I is required?
7 channel
(no FH) (ideal FH) (no FH) (ideal FH) (no FH)
MCS-
MCS-5 dBdB 28.5
2.5 29
-2 30
-2 30
-2 1*
8
MCS-6
MCS- dB 4.5 0.5 1 1 6.5
MCS-7 dBdB 30
8 32
8 33
8.5 35
8.5 *
13.5**
9
MCS-8 dB 10.5 12 9** 9.5** *
C/I > 17dB
MCS-9 dB 12 14 13.5** 13.5** *
C/I Thresholds [cont.]
Anotehr way to look at it

Depending on the C/I, the MCS used is different (= Link Adaptation)
However, the BSS does not use the C/I to select the best MCS (as we've seen,
C/I computation is an estimate)

EGPRS Bit Error Probability
For each burst before channel decoding, the receiver computes the Bit Error
Probability (BEP = BER).
When the MS is in a E-GPRS packet transfer, two metrics are used to define the
best MCS:
Mean Bit Error Probability (MEAN_BEP)
Equivalent Equivalent MEAN Equivalent Equivalent
MEAN BEP
BER RxQual BEP BER RxQual
0 > 25.12% RXQUAL 7 16 > 0.79% RXQUAL 3
1 > 25.12% RXQUAL 7 17 > 0.63% RXQUAL 2
2 > 19.95% RXQUAL 7 18 > 0.50% RXQUAL 2
3 > 15.85% RXQUAL 7 19 > 0.40% RXQUAL 2
4 > 12.59% RXQUAL 7 20 > 0.32% RXQUAL 1
5 > 10.00% RXQUAL 6 21 > 0.25% RXQUAL 1
6 > 7.94% RXQUAL 6 22 > 0.20% RXQUAL 1
7 > 6.31% RXQUAL 5 23 > 0.16% RXQUAL 1
8 > 5.01% RXQUAL 5 24 > 0.13% RXQUAL 0
9 > 3.98% RXQUAL 5 25 > 0.10% RXQUAL 0
10 > 3.16% RXQUAL 4 26 > 0.08% RXQUAL 0
11 > 2.51% RXQUAL 4 27 > 0.06% RXQUAL 0
12 > 2.00% RXQUAL 4 28 > 0.05% RXQUAL 0
13 > 1.58% RXQUAL 4 29 > 0.04% RXQUAL 0
14 > 1.26% RXQUAL 3 30 > 0.03% RXQUAL 0
15 > 1.00% RXQUAL 3 31 > 0.03% RXQUAL 0

EGPRS Bit Error Probability
Coefficient of variation of the Bit Error Probability (CV_BEP)
CV_BEP 7
Distribution of samples %
1.7
CV_BEP 0 2 > CV_BEP > 5
1.7
CV_BEP 1 5 > CV_BEP > 1.5
1.2
CV_BEP 2 1.5 > CV_BEP > 5
CV_BEP 0
1.2
0.7
0.7 Mean BEP
CV_BEP 5 5 > CV_BEP > 0.5 Mesured Mean BEP
0.2
CV_BEP 6 0.5 > CV_BEP > 5
0.2
BSS B11CV_BEP
Radio Principles 7 5 > CV_BEP > 0
Exercise
List the Radio Measurements performed by each Network Element.

1 in idle mode 2 3
on idle timeslot
DL RxLev(BCCH)
UL RxLev(noise)
in dedicated mode
on dedicated ts
DL RxLev(TCH)
UL RxLev(TCH)
DL RxQual(TCH) None !
UL RxQual(TCH)
DL RxLev(BCCH) of
Timing Advance(MS)
n1 to n6
UL MEAN_BEP(PDCH)
DL MEAN_BEP(PDCH)
UL CV_BEP(PDCH)
DL CV_BEP(PDCH)
UL C/Ic
DL C/Ic
MS BTS BSC

Exercise [cont.]
This is a "2-seconds" average of the radio measurements during a call.

UL RxLev = -80dBm
DL RxLev = -73dBm
UL RxQual = 6
UL RxQual = 0
TA = 2
DL RxLev(n1) = -97dBm
What is the problem?
- Poor UL RxQual, while the RxLev is good

It is probably due to interference in the Uplink direction
Check the UL Idle Timeslots RxLev measurements done by the BTS.
- The problem is that no neighbour provide a sufficient level to perform a HO. Find the
interferer and change the frequency.

9 BTS In & Out

9 BTS In & Out
Cabinets
9100 MBS range: CBOe, MBI, MBO

9100 Compact Base Station Evolution
Low Density Area 9100 MBI3
Capacity: 4 TRX (2-sect) Medium Density Area
Footprint: 0.35 x 0.5 m Capacity: 12 TRX
Weight: 75kg (full-equip) Footprint: 0.6 x 0.45 m
Weight: 170kg (full-equip)
9100 MBO1
Medium Density Area
Capacity: 12 TRX
Footprint: 0.94 x 0.75 m
Weight: 90kg (empty) 9100 MBI5
High Density Area
Capacity: 24 TRX
9100 MBO2 Weight: 270kg (full-equip)
High Density Area
Capacity: 24 TRX
Weight: 150kg (empty)

9 BTS In & Out
Inside the BTS
Hardware Description (Evolution)

Air interface
Antenna Coupling
Level AGC AGC
Transceiver Level TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX
Base Station SUMA

Control Function
Abis interface

9 BTS In & Out
Transceiver (TRX)
Single TRX Twin TRX

Capacity
1 case = 8 timeslots
Power = medium or high
1 case = 2 x 8 timeslots = 2
8-PSK Power = normal or
single TRX
enhanced
Benefits over single TRX
equivalent to two MP single

TRX's in one housing
Coverage
1 case = 8 timeslots
Benefits over single TRX
2-Tx Diversity
4-Rx Diversity

9 BTS In & Out
TRX Outputs
TRX types and TxPower
Freq
Variant Band Output Power GMSK Output Power 8PSK
in W in dBm in W in dBm No Rx Div 2Tx Div 4Rx Div
TRGM 900 35 45.4 - - -111dBm
TRDM 1800 37 45.7 - - -111dBm
TRDH 1800 60 47.7 - - -111dBm
TRPM 1900 35 45.4 - - -111dBm
TRAL 850 45 46.5 15 41.8 -111dBm
TRAG 900 45 46.5 15 41.8 -111dBm
TAGH 900 60 47.7 25 44 -111dBm
TAGHE 900 60 47.7 30 44.8 -111dBm
TRAD 1800 35 45.4 12 40.8 -111dBm
TADH 1800 60 47.8 25 44 -111dBm
TADHE 1800 60 47.8 30 44.8 -111dBm
TRAP 1900 45 46.5 25 44 -111dBm
TRAGE 900 45 46.5 30 44.8 -111dBm
TRADE 1800 35 45.4 30 44.8 -111dBm
TGT09 900 45 46.5 30 44.8 -111dBm Yes Yes
TGT18 1800 35 45.4 30 44.8 -111dBm Yes Yes
9 BTS In & Out
MC-TRX
New generation of Multi-Carrier transceiver

Based on Software Defined Radio (SDR), concepts developed by Bell Labs
Alcatel-Lucent R&D.
This module is able to handle simultaneously several carriers from different
technologies and offers the possibility to evolve smoothly from GSM to W-CDMA
and LTE for a dedicated frequency band.
GSM TRX GMSK Output GMSK Output 8PSK Output

Power TOC Power TOC Class 2 Power TOC
Number Class 2 with overbooking Class 2
1 TRX 67W 67W 45W
2 TRX 33W 33W 22W
3 TRX 22W 25W 15W
4 TRX 17W 21W 15W
5 TRX 12W 19W 8W
6 TRX 8W 16W 6W

9 BTS In & Out
MC-RRH
Antenna Antenna
Remote Radio Head Antenna
Same concept as MC-TRX (SDR, multi-RAT, )

Replaces the 'Micro BTS'.
MC-RRH
Converged
BBU module Optical fibre
GSM Ethernet
SUMx - 19

9 BTS In & Out
Antenna Coupling Level
AGC / ANC ANB ANY
Antenna Network Evolution Antenna Network Bi TRX Antenna Network Type Y

with Combiner 2 TRX 2 antenna ports 4 TRX look like 2 TRX
4 TRX 2 antenna ports
Cannot be connected to an
antenna directly
AGC ANB ANY

9 BTS In & Out
Antenna Coupling Level [cont.]
Where is the ANB ? AGC ? ANY ?

9 BTS In & Out
AGC/ANC Architectures, Standard Loss
ANTA ANTB
Combiner: 2 TX are sent onto the

Duplexer Duplexer same cable
LNA LNA
Duplexer: RX and TX are multiplexed
on the same cable (FDM). Includes
Splitter Splitter noise rejection (filters).
LNA: Low Noise Amplifier, amplifies

the (very weak) received signals
Splitter: Distributes the received

RX0BOUT2
RX1BOUT2
TXBIN1
TXBIN2
RX1BOUT1
TXAIN1
TXAIN2
RX0BOUT1
RX0AOUT2
RX1AOUT2
RX0AOUT1
RX1AOUT1
signals in four paths

TXAIN
TXAOUT
TXBOUT
TXBIN
TX
RX0
RX1
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4

same cell, same frequency band
9 BTS In & Out
AGC/ANC Architectures, Low Loss
ANTA ANTB
Combiner: 2 TX are sent onto the

Duplexer Duplexer same cable
LNA LNA
Duplexer: RX and TX are multiplexed
on the same cable (FDM). Includes
Splitter Splitter noise rejection (filters).
LNA: Low Noise Amplifier, amplifies

the (very weak) received signals
Splitter: Distributes the received

RX0BOUT2
RX1BOUT2
TXBIN1
TXBIN2
RX1BOUT1
TXAIN1
TXAIN2
RX0BOUT1
RX0AOUT2
RX1AOUT2
RX0AOUT1
RX1AOUT1
TXAIN
TXBIN
signals in four paths
TXAOUT
TXBOUT
TX Note
The ANB is equivalent to an "AGC in
low-loss"
RX0
RX1
TRX1 TRX2
same cell, same frequency band
9 BTS In & Out
Base Station Controlling Function
SUMA/SUMP
Station Unit Module

Timing and clock generation for all BTS modules
Handling A-bis transmission links
Handling Operation & Maintenance functions (OML, Qmux, alarms, etc.)
Control power supply
Only 1 SUM per BTS cabinet
1 SUMA can handle up to 2 A-bis interfaces (2 x E1)

9 BTS In & Out
Typical Tx Losses and Weight
Module or Cable Loss (in dB) Weight (in kg)

ANC (std loss) 4.2 9
ANY 3.3 3.5
ANB or ANC (low loss) 0.8 9
Twin TRX - 7.2
TRX-AN cable 0.2 -
ANY-AN cable 0.2 -
ANC-Cabinet top 0.3 -

9 BTS In & Out
Exercise
Finda solution to connect 12 TRX's to only 2 antenna ports (1 sector).

What is the output power at BTS antenna output ?
Output Power = dBm
if 1 ANC on the path, losses are:

BTS ANC: 4.2dB
TRX-ANC: 0.2dB = 4.7dB
ANC ANC-top: 0.3dB
if 1 ANC + 1 ANY:
ANY 0.2 + 3.3 + 0.2 + 4.2 + 0.3
= 8.2dB
ANY ANY ANY if 1 ANC + 2 ANY:

0.2 + 3.3 + 0.2 + 3.3 + 0.2 + 4.2 + 0.3
= 11.7dB
Twin TRX 900

Tx Power = dBm

9 BTS In & Out
Antennas
Convert guided electromagnetic waves into free-space EM waves

and vice versa !
Free space waves

Impedance = 377 Ohms
Each cable carries Tx and Rx signals, in the form of

guided waves;
Impedance = 50 Ohms

9 BTS In & Out
Antennas [cont.]
Panel antennas (for GSM) consist in an array of dipoles
In RFS antennas:
"Butterfly" dipoles for X-

polar antennas
Linear dipoles for V-polar

antennas
Size of dipoles = /4
GSM900 = 8.2cm
DCS1800 = 4.1cm
RET device 2-16" Female

(optional) connectors
(x1, x2, x4, x6)
9 BTS In & Out
Antenna Characteristics
Frequency Range
Antennas can transmit only one range of frequency ( size of the dipoles)
Dual-band antennas can transmit two ranges and Tri-band, three ranges
Triplexer
2 feeders + triplexers
= cheaper
Triplexer
900MHz
1800MHz 2GHz 6 feeders
= expensive !!
9 BTS In & Out
Half Power Beamwidth
HPBW: Half-Power BeamWidth

Angle between -3dB and +3dB points
3dB attenuation
HPBW
= 7
Vertical pattern

9 BTS In & Out
Half Power Beamwidth [cont.]
What is the horizontal HPBW of this antenna ?
Tip: The H-pattern is always symmetrical !
Horizontal pattern
9 BTS In & Out
Gain
Gain provided by the antenna in the direction of the main lobe

Difference between RxLev received from this antenna and a theoretical
isotropic antenna, at an arbitrary distance
Gain is not positive in all directions !
Coverages of isotropic antenna vs. real antenna
RxLev(real) = -60dBm
RxLev(iso) = -80dBm
Antenna Gain
= -60dBm - -80dBm
= 20dBi

9 BTS In & Out
Indoor Antennas
Small antenna, small gain
Type Omni Omni Panel
Application Halls, offices Large indoor area Decentralized structures

(shops, offices)
Gain 3dBi 2~6dBi 7dBi
Hor. HPBW (Vert.) 360 (90) 360(25) 70 (50)

9 BTS In & Out
Tower Mounted Amplifier
Also knows as "Mast Head Amplifier" or "Low Noise Amplifier"

antenna feeder
The TMA amplifies the Rx signal (uplink) with a fixed gain

The Tx signal (downlink) bypasses the amplifier stage
DC feeder (for TMA)
PDU
antenna feeder BTS

9 BTS In & Out
Remote Electrical Tilt
RET mechanically turns the electrical tilt adjustment knob.

antenna feeder
DC feeder/commands (for RET)
via Abis & BSC

CNI/PDU
antenna feeder BTS
OMC-R
10 Link Budget & Path Balance

Link Budget
Quick estimation of:

Maximum cell range
Ensure design is based on the path loss in the worst direction (UL or DL)
Output:
Maximum Allowed Path Loss (in dB) = MAPL

Maximum Allowed Path Loss (DL)
EIRP = 58dBm
44dBm
Maximum Path Loss DL
41dBm
= 58 + 102
= 160dBm
Antenna Gain = 17dBi
BTS power = 44dBm
Feeder Loss = 3dB
= -102dBm
Sensitivity

MAPL (UL)
EIRP = 33dBm
MAPL UL
= 125+33
= 158dBm
-108dBm
BTS sensitivity = -111dBm
Feeder Loss = 3dB
Antenna Gain = 17dBi
-125dBm
MS power
= 33dBm
MAPL UL vs. MAPL DL
In previous example
MAPL DL = 160dB
MAPL UL = 158dB
At max. cell range, the MS can hear the BTS but, the BTS cannot hear the MS
anymore!
Example: 2 MS outdoor, one nearby, one faraway.
58dBm
-127dBm
Pl=160dB
58dBm
-102dBm
-77dBm
33dBm
Pl=110dB Faraway
-52dBm
Cell is "UPLINK" limited
33dBm
Nearby

Exercise
How to balance the MAPL's in both directions?

If MAPL DL > MAPL UL, then enhance
MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity
MS EIRP BTS EIRP
If MAPL UL > MAPL DL, then enhance

MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity
MS EIRP BTS EIRP
Which solution for which benefit?

List down possible enhancements specific to one direction
uplink downlink
TMA HP TRX
2-RX Diversity Twin TRX "coverage mode" with 2-TX diversity
Twin TRX "coverage mode" with 4-RX diversity Less combiners ( low loss)
List down possible enhancements common to both directions

Lossless feeders
High gain antennas
Range Extension Kit (REK) = Increase coverage !
Twin TRX "coverage" with 2-TX and 4-RX diversity

Path Balance
For each call, the BSS has all required inputs to compute its current
"path balance".
It is the difference between UL and DL path losses. They should be
equal, therefore Path Balance = 0.
Path Balance = DL Path Loss UL Path Loss

(BTS TxPwr DL RxLev) (MS TxPwr UL RxLev)
Compute the Path Balance:
58dBm -52dBm
PB = (58 + 52) (33 + 95)
-95dBm = 110 127
33dBm = - 17dB

Path Balance [cont.]
Path Balance
24
21 Downlink is faulty: BTS Tx Pwr is lower than assumed.
18
15
12
9
6
3
0 Uplink and Downlin are balanced
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18 Uplink is faulty: UL RxLev is too attenuated.
-21
-24

11 Discontinuous Transmission

Description
Sound is continuously encoded into digital information, even when no

one is talking.
In normal conversation, only one participant at a time talks. The
system uses this to its advantage, by transmitting data over the air only
when someone is speaking.
UL Inactivity
This is UL DTX
(implemented in the MS)
DL Speech F
rames
y
c tivit
I na
DL
es
Fram
ech
Spe
UL BTS
This is DL DTX
(implemeted in the TRX)

Implementation
The Voice Activity Detection algorithm in located in the MS and in the

TC
It detects the voice inactivity
It transmits a SID frame that is sent only 1/24 of the time to the receiver
This SID frame generates a background comfort noise and allows radio
measurements
FR
SID frames for MS1 SACCH SID frames for MS2
HR

12 Frequency Hopping

Introduction
There are 2 basic improvements of the Air interface

3GPP designed antenna diversity and slow frequency hopping (SFH) to
improve the transmission quality:
Described in 3GPP TS 04.08, 05.01, and 05.02.
Antenna diversity fights multipath fading

Frequency hopping smoothes out the effects of interference and brings
frequency diversity
without antenna diversity with antenna diversity

without frequency hopping with frequency hopping

Introduction [cont.]
Frequency Hopping deals with two specific aspects, which affect the
transmission quality:
Frequency Diversity
MS receives the radio signal after reflection and diffraction along multiple
paths. Depending on which frequency is used and the distance MS-BTS, fast
fading due to phase cancellation is more or less destructive.
Different frequencies experience different fadings, thus the MS will
experience a different fading at each burst. This is specially true for slow-
moving MS.
Interferer Diversity
Without FH, some lucky MS are not interfered while others, receiving on
another frequency, will experience strong interference.
With random FH, the interfering scenario is changing from burst to burst. One
MS on one timeslot will rarely use the same frequency at the same time than
its worst interferer.
The worst interferer will randomly hit several MS once in a while.

Frequency Diversity
Especially Slow 0
Moving Mobiles Lognormal fading
suffer from fading -10

Raleygh fading
(fading time can be -20

long)
Received Power [dBm]
-30
Fading means a
short breakdown of -40
the received power -50
due to
environmental -60
fading notches
conditions
-70
0.1
2.8
8.0
5.4
10.6
31.6
34.2
39.4
42.1
13.2
15.9
18.5
21.1
23.7
26.3
29.0
36.8
44.7
47.3
49.9
Distance [m]

Frequency Diversity [cont.]
Hopping over several frequencies, does not reduce the number of

frames being destroyed by fading notches, but reduces the time of
being in a fading notch!
Hopping over no fading notch

f1
f1,f2,f3,f4 fading notch
f2
f3
With FH the probability to get into a fading
f4 notch is higher, but the average duration of a
notch is shorter!

Frequency Diversity [cont.]
260 bit Data with redundancy for error correction
456 bit 456 bit
Interleaving depth: 8
Creating burst structure

...
TDMA Time 2 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 .
Slot:
used frequency: f1 f2 f3 f4 f1 f3 f4
Burst (partly) destroyed by

TIME fading, but only 12.5% of
Note: Only f1 suffers
456 bit affected -> high
from fading in this
chance for successful error
example
correction!

Interference Diversity
The average C/I of a cell remains the same, but the standard deviation
is reduced
"Bad VQ" calls become acceptable
"Excellent VQ" calls become acceptable
C/I (dB) C/I (dB)
C/I avg C/I avg
TRX # TRX #

Interference Diversity [cont.]
1 busy TCH on f1
3 busy TCH on f2 f1
8 busy TCH on f3
f1 f2
f2 f3
f3
Without hopping, the traffic is focused on only few frequencies.

Indeed, ALU Radio Resource Management algorithms favors TCH allocation on the last
TRX
Only Frequencies with traffic are transmitted over the Air interface, consequently:
Frequencies f3 are "on air" all the time in the serving cell & in the neighbours
The risk of "burst collision" is very high !

Interference Diversity [cont.]
Each frequency is
busy only f1
1+3+8/8+8+8
= 50% of the time
f2
f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f3
f2 f3 f1 f2 f3 f1 f3
f3 f1 f2 f3 f1 f2
With hopping, the collisions are less likely to happen on frequency 3

But frequency 1 is now more noisy
However a certain amount of noise is acceptable: digital coding of the signal ensures a
good recovery of the original speech.

Voice Quality vs. Capacity
In the end, Frequency Hopping (FH) is not only designed to decrease

interference
It allows to use and reuse frequencies more often
cell A cell B cell D cell E

f1, f2, f3 f4, f5, f6 f10, f11, f12 f1, f2, f3
cell C
f7, f8, f9
at this distance from cell A, f1, f2 and f3 are weak

enough so that they won't pollute signal of cell E
H H
H cell B cell D
cell A
f5,f6,f7,f8 f1,f2,f3,f4 Hcell E
f1,f2,f3,f4 H f5,f6,f7,f8
cell C
f9,f10,f11,f12
reuse distance is reduced, allowing for more traffic per sq.km.

here 20 TRX in this area, whereas only 15 TRX in 1st case
Hopping Modes
Slow Frequency Hopping refers to the frequency changing every

timeslot. This is the only possible hopping in GSM.
But there are 2 ways to implement it:
Base Band Hopping (BBH)
Synthetized Frequency Hopping (SFH), aka Radio Hopping (RH)
In ALU solution, both methods are based on the same principle
The TRX modifies its ARFCN
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX1 TRX1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX2 TRX1
TRX2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX3 TRX1
TRX2
TRX4 TRX2

Hopping Modes [cont.]
Two facts, in both hopping modes:
For TS0 of TRX1:

It is always transmitted on the BCCH frequency. It is never "hopping"
For all TS transmitted on the BCCH frequency:

DL Power Control and DL DTX are inhibited (automatically)

No Hopping
Each TRX is linked to one static frequency
TCH is on TRX2 TS3
SF1
One speech frame is transmitted over the same frequency

Base Band Hopping
# frequencies = # TRX's
All TRX's are hopping
TDM frame 1
TCH is on TRX3 TS4
SF1
The MS catches its own TS from one TRX.

But the frequency of this TS is changing each TDMA frame.

Radio Hopping
# frequencies much greater than # of TRX's

TRX 1 is not hopping (NH), while other TRX's are hopping
NH
RH
SF1
TCH is on TRX3 TS3

FH Parameters
The MS and the BTS are synchronized. Each side knows which
frequencies will be used and when.
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN) defines how the sequence of

frequencies is computed within each cell:
HSN = 0 : Cyclic hopping where the frequencies are used one after the other
in order
HSN = 1 to 63 : Pseudo-random hopping where the frequencies are used
according to an algorithm described in GSM 05.02. Those sequences have
been chosen because they have statistical properties similar to random
sequence.

FH Parameters [cont.]
External Parameters: (in blue = can be modified by operator)

MA-List Mobile Allocation List
MAI Mobile Allocation Index
MAIO Mobile Allocation Index Offset
FHS Frequency Hopping Sequence
HSN Hopping Sequence Number
Internal Parameters: cannot be modified

T1, T1R, T2, T3 GSM internal timers
FN Frame Number

FH Parameters [cont.]

MA-List Examples
FHS HSN=0 HSN=4

"Cyclic" "Pseudo-Random"

Radio Hopping Implementation
Two main strategy of frequency planning:

SFH 1x1: All cells are using the same range of frequencies
SFH 1x3: Each sector uses 1/3 of the frequency range
Let's focus on SFH 1x1, which is the most common choice within
operators using Radio Hopping.
4 TRX per cell

TRX 1 = NH (BCCH)
TRX 2, 3, 4 = RH
42 ARFCN allocated to the operator

12 are reserved for BCCH ARFCN
29 are reserved for other TRX's

SFH 1x1
The whole "TCH band" is reused in every cell

To avoid collision, use HSN and MAIO
4 TRX per cell

TRX 1 = NH (BCCH)
TRX 2, 3, 4 = RH
29 ARFCN reused in every cell
42 ARFCN allocated to the operator
12 are reserved for BCCH ARFCN
29 are reserved for other TRX's
FHS {14~42}
FHS {14~42}
FHS {14~42}
FHS {14~42}
FHS {14~42}
FHS {14~42}

SFH 1x1 [cont.]
Within the same site, the 3 cells are synchronized

Ensure that the same frequency is never used during the same TDMA
frame
3

SFH 1x1 [cont.]
Among different sites, there is no frame synchronization (*)

Ensure that the probability of collision between each site is as random
as possible
in the next BTS
4
1

Max RF Load
Definition:
It is the relation between the number of "on-air" TRX and the number of
hopping frequencies.
Example:
Max RF load = 3 / 29 = 10.4%
When all TRX are busy on their 8 TS, it means that each frequency is used
10.4% of the time.
It may seem little, but take into account that neighbour cells are also
generating the same load.
If 3 neighbour cells are received at the same time than the serving cell, there
is a probability of 30% that the same frequency is already used by another
cell !

Real RF Load
At Busy Hour, not all TRX's are 100% busy for the whole hour.
Indeed, a more realistic approach is to count how many TS are used at
BH.
(RTCH_Erlang_BH + SDCCH_Erlang_BH/8) per Cell
Real RF Load = # Frequencies per Cell * 8
1 erlang means that the cumulated traffic on that cell uses 1 timeslot
in average during 1 hour.

RF Load Threshold
Thresholds
Obviously, if the RF Load is too high, it will lead to poor voice quality and bad
KPI.
For a proper usage of SFH, ensure RF Load is below these thresholds.
Max Operational
SFH Theoretical Limit Limit
1x1 16.6% 12%
1x3 50% 35%
But if cells are overlapping too much with each other, these thresholds should be decreased

Exercise
On the DCS1800 frequency band, the FHS is from ARFCN 700 to ARFCN
730. SFH1x1 is used.
Due to difficult terrain (hills, lakes, rooftops), the cells are overlapping
a lot. The Radio Planner recommends to use a RF Load threshold = 8%.
What is the max TRX per DCS cell ?
RF Load
31 ?frequencies in the band
max rf load = 8% = "x" / 31
x = 8% * 31 = 2.5 Hopping TRX's per cell
# of TRX / cell ?
In one DCS cell : 1 TRX "Not Hopping" (BCCH) + 2 TRX "Hopping"
In the next DCS cell : 1 TRX "Not Hopping" (BCCH) + 3 TRX "Hopping"
In average : 2.5 hopping TRX per cell.

Exercise [cont.]
In the slide "Base Band Hopping":
How frequently does the MS hop on the BCCH frequency?
It occurs once every 4 TDMA frames

MS is using the BCCH frequency 25% of the time
Does it affect the average received level (Avg DL RxLev) when DL Power Control is
enabled?
of all the bursts are transmitted with the max power from the BTS
are transmitted with an attenuated Power (due to DL PC)
Yes, the MS is measuring strong RxLev of the time and therefore the average is
higher than it should.
Those strong measurements will badly impact the HO & PC algorithms. They must
be removed, thanks to the setting PWRC = measurements made on BCCH
frequency are not included

13 Tool Chain

13 Tool Chain
Supervision tools
1353 OMC-R: Operation & Maintenance Center (Radio)

9155 RNP: Radio Network Planning
9159 NPO: Network Performance Analyzer
Question: Can you locate each

tool in the network ?
Air interface GSM/GPRS interface
Drive test tool Protocol Analyzers

13 Tool Chain
Interconnections
Radio measurements
drive-test per x;y
IP
IP
9155 RNP
BSC
Meas
Result PM-RES RMS
RMS
Meas COF
Report PM-RES RMS
IP
or TDM ACIE
BTS 9153 OMCR
Meas
Report LASER
GPM-RES PM-RES RMS

COF
MS GPM-RES
IP
MFS IP
9159 NPO

13 Tool Chain
Network Supervision: 9153 OMC-R
OMC-R operates and maintains the BSS, with one OMC-R supporting a
set of BSS (BTS, BSC, MFS, TC and their interfaces)
Configuration management
Performance management
Fault management
Hardware view (boards)
Logical view (cells, radio parameters)

13 Tool Chain
Optimization: 9159 NPO
NPO offers a full range of multi-standard QoS Monitoring and radio network
optimization facilities:
Powerful Graphical User Interface
QoS analysis, Parameters Checking & Tuning, Cartography, HW Inventory and Alarms

13 Tool Chain
Planning: 9155 RNP
Radio Network Planning tool offers network planning services for all
radio technologies (2G, 3G, 4G, MW)
Based on Atoll's Forsk and enhanced with multiple ALU features to make it
best-suited to wireless networks (compatible with any vendor).
Supports all planning tasks, from initial planning to network roll out,
frequency & capacity planning.
Coverage per RxLev Best Server Area EGPRS Throughput

Module Summary
GERAN Architecture
2G Layout
Protocols
GSM Layers
Physical Channels
Data Link Layer Theoretical background
Logical Channels
Data Coding
Radio Measurements
Physical elements
BTS In & Out
Link Budget & Path Balance
Discontinuous Transmission Important radio concepts
Frequency Hopping
Tool Chain Tools available at work

Module Summary
After completion of this module, you are now ready for in-depth
trainings on ALU GSM & E-GPRS planning and optimization:
GSM QoS & Traffic Load Monitoring

GSM Radio Fine Tuning
GSM Multiband & Multilayer Optimization
E-GPRS Radio Algorithms and Parameters Description
E-GPRS QoS & Traffic Load Monitoring
9159 NPO Operation & Administration
GSM Radio Network Planning Fundamentals (in a shorter version)
9155 RNP Operation & Operation GSM
etc.

End of Module
Radio Principles


S01M01 - 2G Radio-Principles - Ed03

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11

Do not delete this graphic elements in here:

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2011

Upon completion of this module, youshould be able to:

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Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) infrastructure is divided into a Core

ACCESS NETWORK CORE NETWORK

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119 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2011

Core Networks (CN) is constituted of a Circuit Switched (CS) domain and a

1 1 10 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2011

Mobile Station (MS) comprises of a Mobile Equipment (ME) and a

SIM ME Phone specific

IMSI: ID of the SIM Layer-3 Specified by 3GPP.

1 1 11 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2011

Base Station (BTS) is in charge of

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Base Station Controller (BSC) performs the following:

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TransCoder (TC) does the following:

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Multi Fast-packet Server (MFS) does the following:

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Main Interfaces are listed below.

BTS MFS SGSN GGSN

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In case of TDM (E1) interfaces BTS

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CN protocols (MM, GMM, CC, SM, LLC)

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RR SCCP Relays SCCP

RR' BTSMAP BTSMAP MTP3 MTP3

LapDm LapDm LapD LapD MTP2 MTP2

Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1

MS BTS BSC TC MSC

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In the NSS, signalling is using SS7

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GSM Voice GSM Voice TRAU frame TRAU frame

FEC / Cipher FEC / Cipher E1 / STM1 E1 / STM1 E1 / STM1 E1 / STM1

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1 1 24 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2011

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Write down the interface and entity names

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Call Control (CC) & Mobility Management (MM) SS7

Radio Resource (RR)

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Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context IP

Logical Link Control (LLC) GTP

Radio Resource (RR) BSCGP

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GSM layers follow the OSI model

Transmission of bit Logical Channels (BCCH, PDCH, TCH, )

1 1 34 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2011

(N200_TTF+1)T200_ST = (34+1)0.9 = 31.5 seconds